Slavery In The River Of Dark Dreams By Walter Johnson

slavery and the enslaved to achieve cotton’s global domination and earn the South’s economic title as the â€Å"Cotton Kingdom.† A major factor in the South’s economic rise was the expansion of slavery. During the first half of the 19th century, America began to acquire new territory. In â€Å"The River of Dark Dreams† by Walter Johnson, Johnson explains that with these new states, arguments about whether slavery should continue or be abolished altogether became more and more contentious. Given the Southern economy’s dependence on slave-produced cotton, Southern states vehemently pushed for slavery in the new states so the cotton industry could continue and expand. With this expansion, however, came a newer, harsher form of slavery— one that thrived†¦show more content†¦The South was not the sole benefactor from the wealth cotton generated— the entire country, including the â€Å"anti-slavery† North, benefitted and shared the wealth. The price of cotton in the North dictated the price placed on slaves, and the cotton produced in the South was shipped North to create textiles in Northern factories (Baptist 198). This network of wealth traveled all around the nation, linking Mississippi planters to Massachusetts manufactures and uniting the entire country’s dependence on and profit from slave labor (Johnson 11). While we can now see how slavery embodied and shaped modern American capitalism from analysis of Baptist and Johnson’s texts, it is even more important to emphasize that this form of capitalism did not end with slavery— it was re-packaged into the more furtive wage slavery after emancipation. In â€Å"Legends of Contract Freedom,† Amy Dru Stanley explains that the idea of the contract emerged from Enlightenment ideas of consent, exchange and, particularly, self-ownership . However, abolitionists reframed the concept of wage contract in such a manner that dissociated labor from the self, so that it could be sold without the connotations of slavery. Abolitionists did this by focusing on the idea that the enslaved could work, and in some cases even more productively, in contractShow MoreRelatedThe Half Has Never Been Told : Slavery And The Making Of American Capitalism Essay3355 Words   |  14 Pageslatest book, The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Makin g of American Capitalism (2014), this one sentence spawned a massive conversation online regarding the reality of slavery’s brutal nature and its standing in the economic development of, not only the South, but the nation. The incorporation of economics into the conversation on slavery dates back to 1965 with the publication of Eugene Genovese’s first book, The Political Economy of Slavery, wherein he argues that economic developmentRead MoreThe Culture of Slavery in Walter Johnsons Book, Soul by Soul1063 Words   |  4 PagesWalter Johnson examines the fluid nature of the domestic slave trade and its role in shaping a culture of slavery. Central to this culture was the fundamental reality that the slave person was a commodity to be bought and sold as the market demanded. Describe the effects of the practice of slave trading on the actors involved. How did the domestic slave trade help create the identities of slave, the slaveholder and the slave trader? How did t he activities of the slave pen help â€Å"make† race (bothRead MoreNineteen Years A Slave, By Solomon Northup, And Black Hawk Essay2336 Words   |  10 Pagescloser look at the differences in motivation behind African-American slavery and Native American displacement, as well as the varying degrees of opposition to both establishments throughout the country. Northup’s memoir and Black Hawk’s autobiography help to highlight major discrepancies in how African Americans and Native Americans were treated, and raise the question as to why so many whites in the North were opposed to slavery while the country was generally united on the subject of expelling NativeRead MorePower Structure During The Era Of Slavery Essay2305 Words   |  10 PagesKaran Singh Chetri Dr. Subarno Chatterjee M.A. English (Final) Power Structure During the Era of Slavery Roaring fear of the state of slavery during the late eighteenth century was not that it displaced only millions of poor African people from their homeland to the united states, but also founded the business of black body as a commodity which was inhuman and was politically, culturally, and socially all together well upholded for the next coming hundred years. This paper shall firstRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesappreciated. Most important, however, was the Rastafarian insistence that Africa was the promised land and that Jamaicans should look to Africa for their model of value rather than to Europe, which was seen as foolish and a painful reminder of slavery and oppression. Rasta was an offense to those who wanted to deny the African part of their heritage. And the truth is also that in Jamaica at that time the privileging of lighter-skinned people was standard practice. Rastas were confronting so manyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesDesert and the Indian Ocean.11 The movement of Chinese and South Asians before 1820 was generally freer, dominated by traders and short-term debt arrangements. But slave raiding was still common in the waters of Southeast Asia and, like African slavery, grew increasingly common over the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries along with the growth in global commerce.12 Long-distance migration after the middle of the nineteenth century, by contrast, was mostly free. The transatlantic AfricanRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work

Animal Experimentation Should Be Banned - 874 Words

Animal Testing Animal experimentation has been used to test different chemicals in the cosmetic industry. These type of experiments have been banned in many places but are still occurring in countries such as Canada, United States, and Australia (Cole). Thousands of mice, pigs, rats, and rabbits die every year in the United States alone. In this paper, I argue that animal experimentation should be banned all over the world because it’s unreliable, cruel, and there are other options for testing Animal testing will not always be reliable. Testing on an animal instead of a human can be different in safety, performance, or possible reactions that cosmetic products or ingredients could have in a person (Cole). For example, animals won’t react to certain medication or drugs the same way humans do. This test can explain that animal and human reactions can be completely different. Since animal testing will not always be reliable, they are still being treated cruelly in the experimentation. An example of cruel punishment would be applying soap to the back of an animals skin to see if there is a reaction. Many other tests are ran on animals whcih include; eye irritation tests, acute oral toxicity tests, developmental toxicity test, etc. Companies use this different types of test to study if any of the chemicals or ingredients will affect the creature. Running test like these can not only ruin the animals skin it can also cause side effects or even lead to death.Show MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation Should Be Banned1426 Words   |  6 Pagesjudged by the way its animals are treated.† - Mahatma Gandhi. These famous words still ring true in today’s society as we struggle to overcome the scientific experimentation on animals. Animals have acted as the archstone of human civilization since the dawn of man, from a source of food, to companionship. However, in the past century, we have been blurring the line between environmental entitlement a nd environmental rape. Every member of the human race interacts and depends on animals, and we owe themRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Should Not Be Banned857 Words   |  4 Pagesmeaning about animal experimentation. Animal experimentation is the use of animals, mostly monkeys, on research. Reason being as to why monkeys is because monkeys are far more intelligent than other animals. Animals are stripped from the environment and are tested on so scientists can make products safe for humans. The big problem is that it is inhumane. Animal experimentation should and needs to be stopped because it is cruel, unethical, and not reliable. Having scientists test on animals is cruelRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Animals For Operations For The Purpose Of Experimentation Or Scientific Research? Essay1073 Words   |  5 PagesFirst off Vivisection is the practice that uses living animals for operations for the purpose of experimentation or scientific research. In shorter words vivisection is a type of animal testing. Aristotle used animal testing in 384-322 BC(Hajar 1). This just shows animal testing has been going on for decades. Vivisection is viewed as a harmful abusive practice to animals. If their was a way to demolish vivisection in the future there would be other alternatives that would replace it. ScientistsRead MoreHow Do The Contributions Of Animal Testing To Global Medical1309 Words   |  6 Pagescontributions of animal testing to global medical science justify whether or not it should be banned? According to the Humane Society International (HSI), animal testing or animal experimentation for medical research refers to the experimentation on live animals for the purposes of investigation on diseases, medical treatments, or fundamental biology. Charles Gross, a former member of the History of Neuroscience committee of the global Society for Neuroscience, states that animals were used for improvingRead MoreAnimals for Research and Experimentation678 Words   |  3 Pages100 million animals are used for research and experimentation on around the world every year. Apart from all the benefits of animal testing there are many good reasons which support banning the experimentations on animals such as: animal cruelty, selfishness, and danger of using the experiments result. Therefore animal experimentation should be banned. These days, animal testing has brought a lot of issues in the society. The first and foremost argument that is presented against animal testing dealsRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Is Cruel And Needs1100 Words   |  5 PagesFreshman Seminar, Per. 1 4 May 2015 Animal Experimentation Animal experimentation is cruel and needs to be banned. It is another form of animal abuse. The animals are locked in cold, tiny cages in laboratories waiting in fear of what might happen next. The animals are being treated cruelly and being injected with substances that the scientists do not know if it will harm the animals. â€Å"Right now, millions of mice, rats, rabbits, primates, cats, dogs and other animals are locked inside cold barren cagesRead MoreEssay on Save the Animals: Say No to Animal Experimentation!1218 Words   |  5 Pagesfor animals before prescribing them to human beings. However, would it feel good to know that every year, hundreds of thousands of animals are captured from the wild and die just because of these said experiments? For many years now, scientists have been using animals for their laboratory experiments to produce new medicines. Although scientists have been using this process for many decades in the field of medicine, it is still a controversial issue for those who are pro animal experimentation andRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned848 Words   |  4 Pages As a society we have failed to notice, it’s everywhere. The animal testing footprint. Aeroguard, Chapstick, Michael Kors, Palmolive and Dettol: these common household brands all have the dark footprints of animal experimentation embedded into it. Each year over 6.5 million animals are brutally tested, killed or harmed in Australia and New Zealand, for many brands across the nation. You may think that Animal Testing has nothing to do with you but the real truth is, it does. It’s unavoidable toRead MoreThe Use Of Research On Cosmetics And Its Effects On Society1604 Words   |  7 PagesBlinded by Beauty On average, 26 million animals are used every year for the use of research on cosmetics. These tests should be banned for many obvious reasons such as it is clearly cruel and inhumane, they cost more than alternative methods, and they do not predict an accurate result due to the anatomical differences. Animals are being unfairly tortured and killed for research on ingredients that people are unknowingly using in their everyday lives. Here’s an important question to consider;Read MoreAnimal Experiments Or Torture?924 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"experiments.† This is the life many animals in biomedical research are forced to live . Nowadays, most of the animal experiments are conducted on mice, rats, fish, and other animals that are excluded from the Animal Welfare Act of 1966. Animal experiments cause psychological and physical harm to the animals with a complete lack of respect for their quality of life which is why they must be banned. The effect that biomedical research experiments have on these animals is detrimental. According to the

Importance of Statistics in Business Free Essays

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan Auditing Intermediate Examination Autumn 2012 Module D Q. 1 5 September 2012 100 marks – 3 hours Additional reading time – 15 minutes Shahrukh and Company, Chartered Accountants, have conducted the statutory audit of the financial statements of Karim Limited, a listed company, for the year ended 30 June 2012 under the Companies Ordinance, 1984. The job incharge has drafted the following audit report: Auditors’ Report to the Members We have audited the annexed balance sheet of Karim Limited (the Company) as at 30 June 2012, and the related Income and Expenditure Account, Statement of Comprehensive Income, Cash Flow Statement and Statement of Changes in Equity together with the notes forming part thereof, for the year then ended and we state that we have obtained all the information and explanations which were necessary for the purposes of our audit. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Statistics in Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is the responsibility of the company’s management to establish and maintain a system of internal control and prepare and present the above said statements in conformity with the approved auditing standards and the requirements of the fourth schedule to the Companies Ordinance, 1984. Our responsibility is to audit these statements. We conducted our audit in accordance with the auditing standards as applicable in Pakistan. These standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable and limited assurance about whether the above statements are free of any misstatement. An audit includes examining evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the above said statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting policies and significant estimates made by management, as well as, evaluating the overall presentation of the above said statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion and, after due verification, we report that: (a) in our opinion, proper books of accounts have been kept by the company. (b) in our opinion: (i) the balance sheet and profit and loss account together with the notes thereon have been drawn up in conformity with the Companies Ordinance 1984, and are in agreement with the books of account and are further in accordance with accounting policies consistently applied; (ii) the expenditure incurred during the year was in ccordance with the objects of the Company; and (iii) the business conducted, investments made and the expenditure incurred during the year were for the purpose of the Company’s business; (c) in our opinion and to the best of our information and according to the explanations given to us, the balance sheet, profit and loss account, statement of comprehensive income, cash flow statement and statement of changes in equity together with the notes forming part thereof, conform with the approved accounting standards as applicable in Pakistan and give the information required by the Companies Ordinance, 1984, in the manner so required and respectively give a true and fair view of the state of the Company’s affairs as at 30 June 2012; and (d) in our opinion, no zakat was deductible at source under the Zakat and Ushr Ordinance, 1980. Chartered Accountants Date: 01 September 2012 Required: Identify the errors in the above report vis-a-vis a standard statutory audit report. (Note: You are not required to redraft the report. ) (12 marks) Auditing Page 2 of 3 Q. 2 As the engagement partner, you have reviewed the audit working papers of Samarkand Limited (SL). The audit team has highlighted the following matters in the working papers. (a) Twenty percent of the company’s recorded turnover (revenue) comprises of cash sales. Proper records of cash sales have not been maintained. Consequently, the audit team was unable to design audit procedures to verify the cash sales. During the current year, the company changed the method of charging depreciation on its fixed assets from the straight line to the diminishing balance method. However, all the required disclosures have been included in the notes to the financial statements. The previous year’s financial statements were audited by another firm of chartered accountants which has issued an un-modified opinion on those financial statements. (b) (c) Required: Discuss the impact of each of the above matters on your audit report. (10 marks) Q. 3 You are currently in the planning phase of the audit of Mineral Water Limited (MWL) for the year ended 30 June 2012. The following information is available to you: Customer Segment Super markets Wholesalers Retailers Five star hotels No. of Customers 12 65 553 7 Balance 10 10-20 21-30 31-90 gt; 90 outstanding days days days days days †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Rs. in thousand†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20,014 8,125 5,053 6,396 311 129 14,910 5,078 6,019 3,150 454 209 4,743 1,756 1,798 724 278 187 7,694 2,805 2,793 1,784 201 111 47,361 17,764 15,663 12,054 1,244 636 50% provision for doubtful debts has been made by MWL against balances outstanding for more than 30 days whereas the balances outstanding for more than 90 days have been fully provided. Required: (a) Indicate what would be the basis for selecting debtors for circularising positive and negative requests for confirmations. 06 mark) (b) Briefly explain as to how would you deal with a situation where a debtor confirms a balance which is different from the amount appear ing in the confirmation request. (08 mark) Q. 4 (a) Classification of certain items reported in the financial statements is based on the management’s intentions. In such a situation the auditor has to rely on management representations. Required: List the factors that the auditor should consider in evaluating the management’s intentions with regard to their future course of action, as stated in their written representations. (04 mark) (b) Briefly discuss how the auditor would deal with a situation where he is in doubt regarding the reliability of the written representations provided by the management of the company. (05 mark) Q. 5 List the substantive procedures that may be performed by an auditor to verify the following: (a) (b) (c) Bank reconciliation statements Payroll Raw material purchases (06 marks) (08 marks) (06 marks) Auditing Page 3 of 3 Q. 6 List the audit procedures that may be performed by the auditor in order to ensure that all events occurring between the date of the financial statements and the date of the auditor’s report that require adjustment of, or disclosure in, the financial statements are identified and appropriately reflected in the financial statements. (10 marks) Q. 7 Discuss the categories of threats that may be involved in each of the following independent situations and advise the partners of the concerned firm with regard to the possible course of action that may be followed, in each case. a) Burewala Bank Limited (BBL) is a listed audit client of Umer and Company, Chartered Accountants (UCC). BBL has granted a house loan of Rs. 5 million to a partner in UCC. (04 marks) Kamal was the audit manager during the last year’s annual audit of Faisalabad Textile Mills Limited (FTML). He has joined FTML as their Manager Finance, prior to the commencement of the current year’s audit. (08 marks) (b) Q. 8 Comment on each of the following independent situations with reference to the applicable rules and regulations. (a) Zaman is a partner in a firm of Chartered Accountants and holds 5,000 shares in Mardan Limited (ML). His firm has received an offer for appointment as auditors of Khanewal Limited (KL). ML and KL are subsidiaries of Dera Khan Limited (DKL). (03 marks) Bilal and Company has received an offer for appointment as auditors of IJK Limited. The total paid up capital of the company is Rs. 990 million whereas its ordinary share capital is Rs. 130 million. Faryal, the wife of a partner in Bilal and Company, is a director in LMN Limited which holds 50 million non-voting preference shares and 2 million ordinary shares in IJK Limited. Faryal also holds 10,000 shares in LMN Limited. The par value of both types of shares is Rs. 10 each. (04 marks) (b) Q. 9 List the important matters that are required to be included in an audit engagement letter. (06 marks) (THE END) How to cite Importance of Statistics in Business, Papers

Minicase Raines and Warren Finance free essay sample

The disadvantage of using company collateral to back the bonds is, the asset used as collateral cannot be sold during the term of the bond and must maintain its value. 2. Seniority of the bond. The seniority of the bond is the order in which bonds will be paid in the event of bankruptcy. The more senior the bond, the higher priority of being paid if there is a bankruptcy, and the lower the coupon rate because the risk to the bond owner is lower. 3. The presence of a sinking fund. A sinking fund is an account set up by the trustee of the bonds. The trustee saves and pools money to purchase, pay off, or call bonds early. Setting up a sinking fund will lower the risk, thus lowering the coupon rate. The risk to the company is not having available funds to feed the trust. 4. A call provision with specified call dates and call prices. We will write a custom essay sample on Minicase Raines and Warren Finance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A call provision could be included to call the bonds if interest rates drop substantially. The call provision will raises the coupon rate but protect you from paying a high rate for a long period in the event rates drop. 5. A deferred call accompanying the call provision. A deferred call accompanying the call provision would give the bond purchaser a protection period where the bond could not be called. Adding this provision will prohibit you from calling the bond for a set time (call period), and puts you at risk of paying a high interest rate for the deferred period. Therefore, you have a lower coupon rate than a call provision with no deferral period but still higher than a bond with no call provision at all. 6. A make-whole call provision. A make-whole call provision is the safest call for the investor and a lower coupon rate for you. The discount rate is based on the current Treasury rate plus a small-specified percentage. The investor is protected by being made whole if there is a call. 7. Any positive covenants for purchaser and some SS might consider. Positive covenants on bonds are proactive and reduce the coupon rate. Applying positive covenants to the bond makes it more attractive and secure to the investor by applying conditions that protect the investor’s interest. You may wish to consider a covenant to furnish your audited financial statements to the investors. This is something you already do and it would decrease the coupon rate. If you choose to secure with assets (see number 1), including a covenant to assure that the asset is in good working condition would lower the coupon rate. 8. Any negative covenants for purchaser and some SS might consider. Negative covenants on bonds are restrictive and reduce the coupon rate. Applying negative covenants to the bond makes it more attractive to the investor but may hinder the operation by putting limitations on your business actions. You may want to consider a clause that you will not merge with another firm and that you will not issue any additional long-term debt. 9. A conversion feature. A conversion feature allows a bond to convert to stock and unless your company is planning to go public, this would not apply to you. If SS has any plans to go public, you should consider a conversion feature. This feature would benefit the bondholders if the company did go public and if included could lower the coupon rate. 10. A floating-rate coupon. A floating-rate coupon is much like an adjustable rate loan. The coupon rate, tied to a published rate such as the Treasury bill interest rate over a set period, is adjusted per a set schedule such as every six months. There is a disadvantage of doing this when rates are low but will be more attractive to the investor, thus a lower margin. A cap on how much the rate can be increased or decreased would be a good addition if you choose this option. This would be a consideration if you choose not to have a call provision.