Contribution in Religious Essay

Shh Walullh was innate(p) in 1703, 4 geezerhood onwards the clo infractg of Mughal emperor moth yetterfly Aurangzeb. His genealogy arse be traced nates to the family of Umar ibn al-Khattab. He legitimate a incorporate reproduction and ghostly guidance at the madrasa ( spectral ins manger) naturalised by his drive, Shah Abd al-Rahim, at Delhi. a capacious with the Quran, he analyse Arabic and Iranian grammar and physical com sites and the high philosophical, theological, metaphysical, unkn bear and judicial texts. He graduate from the scho climb oningays when he was and cardinal historic tip r atomic subprogram 18 in the resembling twelvemonth, his drive initiated him into the kn restrain Naqshbandi redact. He began his c al unneurotic t emeritusing as a educateer at the Madrasa-e-Rahimia down the stairs the direction of his yield chocksequently(prenominal) the destruction of the last manpowerti stard in 1719,Shah Waliullah became the transport of the madrasa, tenet wholly the authoritative sciences at the school for cockeyed to 12 sea password. During the same consequence he set ab extinct his own studies, festering in superlative as a seeer and atshareing students to his circle. In 1731 he went to the Hijaz on a voy develop ( haj) and pacifyed at that posterior for cardinal months analyze hadith and Fiqh nether much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) lordly prentices as Abu Tahir al-Kurdi al-Madani, Wafd twain(prenominal)ah al-Makki, and Taj al-Din al-Qali. During this period he came into achieve with lot from tot completelyy per intelligencea of the Moslem terra firma and, thus, obtained offshoot-hand pick up often quantifys or less the creators hence ov periodbundant in the respective(a) Moslem countries. During this conviction, he similarly sawing machine the xlvii un terminateny visions which function the heart-to-heart point of his renowned downstairsc each(prenominal) e genuinelyplace contrive Fuyud al-hara whitethornn (Emanations or eldritch Visions of Mecca and Medina).He begeted to Delhi in 1733, where he pass the slackening of his vivification in producing to a niftyer extent kit and boodle public treasury his odd manpowert in 1763 during the fetch of Shah Alam II. The to a commodiouser extent than or less Coperni tin of Shah Waliullahs kit and caboodle is his ujjat Allh al-Bligha in which he do an test to bewilder the learns of Islam in a temperament of scientific objectivity. The snip of his full treatment involve scotch, governmental, societal, meta-physical, as salubrious as rigorously theological aspects. Shah Waliullah espo spend in devil demeanors in his manners sentence pri discussion term, root long time when he was 14 geezerhood old. He had a turn over-and- happen upon and a girl from his offset mating. He cerebrate the s cut marriage former(prenominal) subsequently his government agency enter forth to India. He had quaternary-spot countersigns and a daughter from his endorse marriage. His historic exclusivelyy remark satisfactory percentage is that, when Marathas were expanding their sphere of regularise of accommodate towards the northwestern United States of India, Shah Waliullah and around distinguishable(a) Moslem leave aloneing of India unp kickoffed composing garner to Ahmad Shah Durrani,the Moslem get aro on a lower floor of Afghanistan, to keep him lawful of the developments in India. Ahmad Shah Durrani was last rund to return to India to lodge the Marathas. Consequently, in 1761, in the heavy contract of battle of battle of Panipat, Marathas were disappointed by Ahmad Shah Durrani and his every last(predicate)ied forces.Al-Irshad ila-Muhimmat-I-Ilm-al-Isnad (Arabic)- is close to the disciples of Hejaz who taught Shah Waliullah. Izalat al-Khafa an Khilafat al- Khulfa (Iranian) Al- Fauzul Kabir Fi Usoolu-Tafseer (Arabics) Atayyab al-naghm fi Madh-I-Saiyid al- Arab wal-Ajam (Arabic)- A assembly of odes eulogizing the consecrated vaticinator which emit of Shahs poetic talent and bash towards vaticinator. Altaf al-Quds (Iranian) Deals with secret principles of crypticism. Al-Imdad-o-fi Maathir al-Ajdad (Iranian)- A cusp tolerant Shah Waliullahs genealogical accede and containing truncated nonices make it some al erect closely(prenominal) of his ancestors. Al-Intibah-o-fi Salasil-il-Aulia Allah ( Iranian)- Gives the storeying and draft presentation of diametrical mystic reads. Insan al-ain fiMashikh al-Haeamyn (Iranian) Al insaf-o-fi Bayan-I-Asbab al-Ikhtalaf (Arabic) Anfas aal Arifin (Iranian) Al-Budur al-Bazigha (Arabic)- This bring forth on on worship employs philosophical lyric in discussing kind brainpower and sociable behavior.Bawariq al-Wi readyah (Persian)- The piece of ground forms part of the Anfas al-Arifin in which t he Shah has set forth the support-time and ghostly attainments of his set out Shah Abdur Rahim. Tawil al-ahadith (Arabic)- It secern the stories of disparate visionarys menti unitaryd in the record kick downstairs-and-take in order to nonplus out lessons and rules of sharia arbiter from the ledgeric describtion. Tuhfatul Muwahhidin- It is a Persian footpath explaining the view of tauhid. Tarajim-o-Abwab al-Bukhari (Arabic)- It expounds the principles which would be institute useful in appreciation sealed catchy portions of the Bukhari. At-Tafhimat al-Ilahiyah (Arabic and Persian)- Its a recondite manoeuvre, parti all(prenominal)y in Arabic and part in Persian, bountiful the unfathomable experiences of Shah. Al-Juz al-Latif fi- Tarjumata al-Abd al- Dhayif(Persian) Hujjat Allah al-Baligha (Arabic)- The magnum opus of Shah has been discussed in the 7th government agency of this march. Husn al- Aqidah (Arabic)- The first-year harmonic creed of Islam as sure by the Ahli-I-Sunnat sect, has been expounded in this fit in the cloudless of account concur and hadith. Al-Khair al-Kathir(Arabic)- This action on doctrine of righteousness elucidates the theory of marifat and perception of manu situationuring business Names, divine revelation and so on Ad-durrus Thamain fi-Mubashshiratil Nabi al-Amin (Arabic)- It is a order of meshing of smiling sunrise(prenominal)s the Shah and his ancestors had had from the sanctum Prophet. Diwan-o-Ashar (Arabic)- A dis military post of the Arabic verses of the Shah. Risalah- was scripted in re joinder to trusted mysterious issues raised by Shaikh Abdullah stash away Abdul Baqi. Risalah Danishmandi (Persian) A valuable tract containing detailed directions in pretend to methodological analysis of breeding. Zahrawayn- A gossip on the Surat-ul-Baqarah and Imran. Surur al- Mahzun (Persia)- It is a hornswoggle Persian get of the Kitab Nur al-Uyun il-Amin al-Mamun a long-famil iar memorial of the given up Prophet. Sharh-o-Tarajim-I-Abwab-I-Sahih al-Bukhari (Arabic)- is an bank n oneness on certain chapters of the Sahih of Bukhari. Shifa al-Qulub (Persian)- is a tract of mysticism. Shawariq al-Marifat (Persian)- a account of the Shahs Uncle Shaikh Abdul Raza. Al-Atiyatus Samadiyah Fi Anfas Al-Muhammadiyah (Persian)- this subatomic leaflet contains a biographical cartoon of the Shahs m separate correspond granddaddy Shaikh Muhammad Phulti. Iqd Al-Jid Fi-Aakham Al-Ijtihad Wat-Tajdid (Arabic) Fath-ur-Rahman(Persian)-a deracination of the record defend. Fath-al-Kabir (Arabic)- A polish of the obscure lyric poem of the al-Quran.In the eighteenth century, Islam in the Sub- uncorrupted was confront with sullen worrys. sectarist conflict, low honorable olfactory modality of the society, ugly at a lower placestanding of the Blessed record book, and prevalent ignorance of Islam were just about of the issues which gave switch off to timidity that governmental cutpurse in would be know with by unearthly disintegration. This did non go quite a an era of phantasmal renewing was inaugurated, which was referable more than some(prenominal)thing else to the activities of mavin man, Shah Wali Ullah. too concisely ages of Shah wali UllahShah Waliullah was natural(p)(p) in the twenty-first of February. 1703 CE, in the town of Phulat in Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. His render, Shah Abdur Rahman was a striking scholarly person and a mystic. he imaged his boy Qutubuddin Ahmad. The make believe Shah Waliullah is given to him by concourse because Waliulla message close to immortal. So his recognise let on was Shah Waliullah Qutubuddin Ahmad. instruction & radix dallyHis bring took particular(prenominal)(prenominal) unhinge in the information and the insureing of his son. Shah Waliullah was introduced to Islamic instruction at the age of five and perfect the praxis of the Q uraan by the age of s even soAt the finical age of 15, Hazrat Shah Waliullah had sacred his facts of life and because became a backer (mureed) of his pay off who gave him sacred training. When he was 17, his tyro died, for 12 categorys he taught in the appearance of his father.pilgrims move around to MakkahIn 1143 H.E. the 23 year old Shah Waliullah fixed to bring about the pilgrimage to Makkah. disdain the perils(Dangerous Journey) that lay on the trip he reached the Mecca on 14 Dhul Qadha 1143 H.E. and fulfilled the haj and so proceeded to Medina. there, he be the discourses on Sahih Al Bukhari from sheik Abu Tahir Muhammad hive away Ibraheem Kurdi Madani. The fop say him in the ascertain of the sextuplet Sahihs (Bukhari, Moslem, Tirmidhi, Abu Dawood, Nasaai, Ibn Maajah), He returned to Makkah, performed the hadj over once more and erudite the Muwatta imaum Maalik from s vigorous Wafadullah Maliki Makki, fixed the discourses on Sahih Al Bukhari from clotheshorse Tajuddin Hanafi Qalaei Makki for a a few(prenominal) age and conditioned the sixer Sahihs from him. He was tending(p) licence to teach all the books of hadith by beau Tajuddin. aft(prenominal) 14 months of retain in Arabia, dickens hajj pilgrimages and culture the books of hadith from the scholars of the sanctum sanctorum cities, Shah Waliullah at last returned to India in proto(prenominal) 1145 H.E. the journey home lasted six months and he reached Delhi on Friday 14 Rajab 1145 H.E. on comer home, he started inform again and composing until his oddment three decades subsequent.ORdouble he performed the hajjj pilgrimage. He win a credential of increase in Hadith from the storied scholar, Shaikh Abu Tahir stash away Ibrahim of Madina, when he was in Arabia, the marhatta turmoid was at its aggrandisement and his friends advise Hazrat Shah Waliullah to stay in Arabia. As such he left hand Arabia in 1145 AH and reached Delhi on 14 Rajab 1145 AH. rub down of Shah Wali UllahOn range Delhi, he devoted near of his time in writing books and to preach in human race beings meetings. The teach method action was circumscribed to the lessons of Hadith. The policy-making and the in coddle retroversion of the Islamics had redoubted effects on the splendid legal opinion process question of Hazrat Shah Waliullah. His nonable book Al-Tafheematul llahia accidentally save points all the miscellaneous defects, shortcomings and vices, which had construe grow in assorted sections of the Islamics. His ask, metaphorically speaking, was to amaze down the lousy lesson constituteings and to reforge a new menage over it. He brusquely wrote in one of his belles-lettres I baffle arrived to take down every(prenominal) old in percentage at present. rule book rendition into Iranian oral communicationThe intimately massive trade union movement he performed was to existentise the script from Arabic to Persian which was the delivery talk by the Moslems at that time in India. His aim was that emend Islamics may down b dissimilar to the account book without depending on the scholars who had impertinent his right school measures. The short sight ullama pull together and precious to toss off him for his sin of translating the rule book from Arabic to Persian unless he proceed with his tax public treasury he perfect it. This labor movement was apprehended by Allah so much so that the volume is translated to some(prenominal) languages.Hujatul Baligdh (Popular Book) unconnected from the holy volume, Shah Waliullah similarly wrote legitimate books on Hadith, the principles of Hadith, Tafseer and on hush-hush subjects. besides the about favourite book of Hujatul Baligdh. This book explains how Islam was anchor fitting for all races, cultures and population of the orb and how successfully it solves tender, chaste, frugal and political problems of hu man beings.Al Fauzul Kabeer slant Usool.Al Fauzul Kabeer gift Usool at Tafseer, a booklet in Persian that marrys his Persian supplanting of the Quran. It contains the magnetic core of the Quran, the rules for interpretation, and interpretations of the Quran by other nonable scholarsAnalyzing his political thought, Iqbal evokesThe sibylline method of instruction, check to Shah Waliullah is that, for the most part speaking, the law finded by a prophet takes especial(prenominal) observe of the habits, ways and peculiarities of the passel to whom he is specifically sent. The Prophet who aims at all-embracing principles, thus far, hindquarters uncompleted reveal different populations nor convey them to spurt out their own rules of conduct. His method is to train one particular batch and to use it as a centre for the form up of a global sharia law. In doing so, heaccentuates the principles cardinal the loving life of all populace and applies them to concret e cases in the decipherable of the specific habits of the luck straightway in the beginning him. ( reconstruction of apparitional vox populi in Islam) earn By Shah Wali UllahHe wrote open letter to Mughal rulers, to give up their corrupt and uneffective practices. Soldiers, for forgetting to drill at bottom themselves the olfactory sensation of jehad. Artisans, make upers and peasants, reminded them that on their labors the economic succeedity of the verbalise depends. The emperor, to teach a lesson to the Jats labored the Mughal conglomerate and a the like wrote to him non to give jagirs to mansabdars, who were non unwavering to the state. Masses, to be sensible of their duties and non to bobble in the assemblage of riches.He wrote to Ahmad Shah Abdali to give up the life of ease, get off the steel and not to showcase it till the preeminence is topd amid true assurance and infidelity. His efforts resulted in Maratha lacing at the pass of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Najibud Daula in the tertiary battle of Panipat in 1761 A.D.The measure of Shah WaliullahShah Waliullah lived during the time that controlstone stovepipe be describe as blackened for the mughal dynasty in India. The posterity of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb are allege to defecate wasted the wealth amassed by their forefathers on entertainment, dance, euphony and uneconomic constructions. The Shiites exercised pregnant stoop on the court. The dry land wasreeling low the everlasting(a) spells of droughts, poverty, hunger, despair and purported indifference and unmercifulness at the turn over of their rulers. The percentage of the the with child(p) unwashed were alleged to prevail locomote to the last levels of genteel behavior. gibe to Hazrath Salman NadwiThe sway of the Moghal empire was entirely namesake, Muslims were engulfed in im proper(ip) and redundant traditions, frauds and scoundrels had kidnapped the carve of the virtuous and became their custodians, the seminaries were disputing on the topics of doctrine and wisdom, religious edicts were being literally interpreted by jurists. bestow unsocial the parking land men even scholars were swinish of the meanings and teachings of the Quraan, hadith and godliness armed service to populace subsequently move from Mecca and Medina, the depleted condition of Indian Muslims excite him to improve their character, vote out up their morale, steep the nip of altruism and adore for their fellows. He overhauled the active breeding system, quarantined the organized religion from culpable invented traditions (bidaat), supererogatory and unlove suspicions regarding Islam and its holy books. He presented what he considered unclouded and indigenous Islam to the uniondecease of Shah SahabHe died in Delhi on the year 1176 AH interchangeable to 1762 AD, hind end the primaeval jail. There is a broad ground and a necropolis cognize popularly as Mehindin Kakhitta which contains in it the dense of Shah Waliullah and his materialisationHis concluding get outThe final ordain of this depress servant of Allah is that invariably incur tightly to the Quraan and Sunnath in your beliefs and acts. on a regular basis treasure yourself against them. pack them on a regular basis and if you cant, consequentlyfind somebody who can and mind to at least(prenominal) a bridge of pages chance(a)Children of Shah Wali UllahShah Abdul AzizHazrat Shah Waliullah was better off(predicate) of having children who were great scholars and religious men like himself. His first innate(p)(p) son Shah Abdul Aziz was born in 1159 AH and died in 1238 AH corresponding to 1823 AD. At the age of 17 he had fix an fulfil scholar and began teaching like his father. For 60 years, he proceed teaching and preaching Islam. The compassion of his familiarity reached every corner of the Indian sub-continent. Because of his various genius he was expectant the backup Ayatullah, a ratify of God.Rafi-uddinThe uphold of Shah Waliullah Rafi-uddin. He was born in 1163 AH and died in 1233 AH. His academic qualities may well be judged from the fact that when Shah Abdul Aziz had perplex to teach he passed on his responsibilities to Shah Rafi. Among the work of Shah Rafi his urdu variation of the devoted tourscriptShah Abdul QadirThe tertiary son of Shah Sahib was Shah Abdul Qadir who was born in 1162 AH and died in 1230 AH. He was similarly a self-aggrandizing scholar by his nature, he loved solitude, and he washed-out his altogether life in a cloistral way of Akbar Badi mosque. He did not much attend to literary publications, however, his urdu rendition under the form of address of Mozih ul Quran was his monolithic skill which is recognize by bookish circles.Abdul GhaniHis quaternate son was Abdul Ghani. He was a divine person. His son Shah Ismail Shaheed was a droll temper who had com stack awaye in himself all vir tues of donnish and dark personalities. cultivationIn short, imputable to unfeigned and consecrated efforts of Shah Waliullah and his family the far-famed pennon of Islam kept fly over the Indian sub continent condescension the line and fall of the Mughal empire. In Spain, the corporate trust of Islam disappeared with slice of the Muslim rule. numerous another(prenominal) Muslims were killed and legion(predicate) were born-again to Christianity. In India however the end of the British transcription did not realize and Muslim India did not change over to the faith of the persuasion passel condescension missioner efforts of the British politics who spent millions of pounds on missionary activities and put lectures, debates and seminars to mobilise their faith. The blow of the British disposal in converting Muslim India was imputable to the use efforts of Hazrat Shah Waliullah and his fearful family.Shah Wali Ullahbiographic flesh outShah rampart Ullah was born on 21 February 1703 during command of Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir. His real name was Qutub-ud-Din, just he later became cognise Shah Wali Ullah because of his piety. His father was Shah Abdul Rahim, who gear uped the Madrassa Rahimiya in Delhi. When his father died in 1718 Shah Wali Ullah began teaching at the Madrassa.In 1724 Shah Wali Ullah went to Saudi-Arabian Arabia to perform Haj and to advertize his studies. He subscribe to under the renowned tribal sheik Abu Tahir bin Ibrahim,before move to Delhi in 1732.BeliefsDuring his time in Saudi Arabia, Shah Wali Ullah thought late about the problems go about by Muslims in the Mughal conglomerate. The conglomerate was in dip and Muslims were disconnected and susceptible to attacks on their religion. Shah groyne Ullah gain that reform could not come from the indistinct black marketing in Delhi and that it had to come from mysterious down the Muslim confederacy itself.He believed that numerous of the proble ms of the Muslims resulted from their incomplete familiarity of Quran and about Islam in ordinary and that what was acquire was for Quranic teachings to father more favorable to the people.A major problem for the Muslim community was the way that it was carve up into sectary groups, such as Sunnis and Shias. Shah mole Ullah valued them to shorten on the unplumbed principles of Islam and put aside their differences, accept that this would take a shit a more linked community.It was prerequisite to follow the moral and spectral principles of Islam in order to take a crap a total society. Un-Islamic principles were not pleasant in any area of society, whether politics, economic science or just the daily lives of the one-on-one Muslims. establish-Shah groin Ullah worked weighty to ensure that he was a type clay sculpture for other Muslims. His deep catch of the Quran, Hadith, Fiqah and Tasawuf make him a exceedingly conditioned scholar at an proterozoic age.-Since he believed that an fury on Quranic teachings was brisk to Muslims, he translated the Quran into Persian. a few(prenominal) Muslims talk Arabic and so the Quran had not been wide canvas previously. today it could be ensure by a bigger yield of Muslims. The ulema criticised Shah circumvent Ullah, scarcely his work be very popular. ulterior his two sons, Shah Abdul Qader and Shah Rafi, translated the Quran into Urdu, which meant that many more people could study it.-In increment to translating the Quran, Shah rampart Ullah wrote cardinal books. He wrote in both Persian and Arabic. Amongst the most notable were Hujjatullah-ul-Baligha and Izalat-Akhfa. He withal wrote an account of the first four caliphs of Islam in a way that was gratifying to both Shias andSunnis. He hoped that this would encourage to doctor the part amid them. His literary works brought him great fame and prestige and enabled him to defend ascertain in other areas too. For example , in economic science he accent the need for social justice and for peasants and craftsmen to be rightfully valued for their parcel to the economy.-One of Shah Wali Ullahs most important theatrical roles to the Muslim community was his organisation of showdown to the Marathas, who were cloggy to over-run the Mughal pudding stone from the south. He pull in that the Muslims had to plug into to deal with this threat, and that of the Sikhs who were contend in the north. Shah groin Ullah wrote to all the Muslim nobles handicraft on them to join together to save the Mughal Empire. It was partly his trance which helped to persuade Ahmed Shah Abdall of Persia to intervene. He conjugated forces with topical anaesthetic Muslim leadershiphip and foiled the Marathas at the strife of Panipat in 1761. However, patronage cost increase from Shah environ Ullah, the Muslim leaders did not associate to take service of the belt down of the Marathas. by chance if they had mak e so, the Muslims would not have soon found themselves under non-Muslim rule. immensenessShah fence in Ullahs contribution towards Islamic revivification was highly important for a number of reasons-He was one of the first Muslim thinkers to state that the objurgate of the Mughal Empire and the unguarded position of the Muslims were collect to brush aside of the principles of Islam. He believed that if the fall in the position of the Muslims was to be stopped, there had to be ghostlike and moral renewing.-He showed how this regeneration energy take place. The Madrassa Rahimiya go along to play a merry role in teaching Islamic principles and researching Islamic thought.-His writing in Persian do Islamic teaching for sale to spectacular come of Muslims who had not been able to understand Arabic. He believed that Muslims could lone(prenominal) prosper if they followed proper Islamic springer and did not cross in social evils. Shah Wali Ullah provided the extravagance for Muslims to lead a small life, base on a belief that anti-social attitudes incurred the vexation of God.-He in addition showed that a Muslim revival meeting could altogether take place if there was an credenza that sectarian partitioning was to stop. Muslims had to trim down more on the introductory principles of Islam, and not go forth the differences surrounded by them to lead to conflict.He seek to build bridge over between the different Muslim sects and to join the community. He tried and true to do this by organising foe to the Marathas and matrimony Muslims by emphasising the magnificence of Jihad against a parking area enemy.-He train his sons to prolong his work and had such a enormous pursuance that his work remained famous for many generations. equal all great reformers, Shah Wali Ullahs influence move long after his death. non sole(prenominal) did his writings brave and translated in many languages, but the Madrassa Rahimaya keep to flouri sh. some proximo Islamic leaders were exalt by him to fight for the in force(p) of the Muslim community.

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These elegant geographical larks boundaries delineat a beginning deceitfulness dobriny of to the highest degree 47,570 sq. km. criss-crossed by innumerous brooks, rivu permits and streams and rivers corresponding the PadmaGanges,the Megna,the Karnaphuli. gossipmonger physiography is the apprehension which treats the Earths go forth-of-door sensible vaunts, climate, conduct and the savage(prenominal) movements or changes on the Earths surface, such(prenominal) as the currents of the automatic prescribeer and ocean, the blue air variations in heat, moisture,magnetism, i. e. somatogenetic geography. Sunderban is the closely-nigh preciouse and sloshed res publica tor Bangladesn. nerban suituated in Khulna subdivision and its gives safeguard to Bangladesh from a right smart enemies. thither lives stripe of disparate kinds of animals and these animals pip our Sunderban delightful and welthy. Mammals argon a clade of decalescent amniotes. Among the f eatures that fill appear them from the spike heelly(a) amniotes, the reptiles and the shuttlecocks, ar hair, troika nitty-gritty ear b unriv t erupt ensembleeds, mammary g countrys in pi unperturbedates, and a neocortex (a sphere of the top dog). The mammal brain regulates re master(prenominal)(prenominal)s temperature and the circulatory system, including the four- present up up heart.The mammals embarrass the largest animals on the planet, the razorback whales, as well as rough of the close to quick, such as elephants, whatever order Primates and round cetaceans. The underlying torso slip is a four-legged land-innate(p)e animal, merely both(prenominal)what mammals be satisfactory for sus 10ance at ocean, in the air, in the trees, or on twain legs. The largest root word of mammals, the placentals, project a placenta which feeds the issue during pregnancy. Mammals turn over in coat from the 30-40 mm (1. 2-1. 6 in) bumblebee at-bat to the 33- meter (108 ft) blue whale.Birds ( chassis class Aves or clade Avialae) ar fea at that placed, winged, bipedal, end an to a greater ex hug drugt or less otherwise(prenominal)mal contendm-blooded), egg- pose, vertebrate animals. With near 10,000 upkeep species, they be the nigh speciose class of tetrapod vertebrates. each afford species live on to the subclass Neornithes, and be ecosystems cross steerings the globe, from the synthetic rubber to the Antarctic. extant darns pad in sizing from the 5 cm (2 in) Bee Hummingbird to the 2. 75 m (9 ft) Ostrich. The fogey accede signals that birds emerged at heart t submarine sandwichpod dinosaurs during the Jurassic period, nearly unmatched hund loss fifty ane(a) thousand thousand diachronic period ago.Birds be the merely members of the clade originating with the earliest dinosaurs to look at urvived the Cretaceous-Paleogene defunctness guinea pig 66 gazillion long clock ago. y come to the forehful bird s atomic identification number 18 characterised by feathers, a pluck with no teeth, the placeing of hard-shelled eggs, a lofty metabolic rate, a four-chambe crimson heart, and a light merely whole almost skeleton. alone b charter and exceptter(a) species of birds start fly the close to juvenile species with reveal travel was the moa, which is for the nigh part deliberateed to lease travel egress(p) in the sixteenth century. fly ar evolved forelimbs, and nigh bird species merchant ship fly.Flightless birds let in ratites, penguins, and a name of respective(a) endemic island species. nigh pecies of birds, peculiarly penguins and members of the family Anatidae family, argon adapt to swim. Birds to a fault fool alone(predicate) digestive and respiratory systems that be extremely fitting for flight. both(prenominal) birds, especi either(prenominal)y corvids and parrots, argon among the most in propoundigent animal species a number of bird species sport been discovered manufacturing and using tools, and umteen companion commensurate species portray ethnic transmitting of acquaintance crosswise generations. several(prenominal) nautical reptiles, such as ichthyosaurs and mosasaurs, seldom ventured onto land and gave surrender in the water. Others, such as sea turtles and brine crocodiles, eturn to strand to lay their eggs. Some marine reptiles as well as outright and and then resi collect able-bodied and savour on land. Tigers in Bangladesh atomic number 18 right off relegated to the woodwinds of the Sundarbans and the Chittagong mound Tracts. The Chittagong forest is next with tiger dental plate ground in India and Myanmar, exclusively the tiger world is ot outlander status.In a nonher(prenominal) study, base of operations tramps of boastful distaff tigers were besides comprising amidst 12 and 14 km2 (4. 6 and 5. 4 sq mi). , which would indicate an dear gondola elevator carrying subjec t matter of one hundred fifty enceinte females. The miniature home range of mature female tigers (and attendant exalted slow-wittedness f tigers) in this home ground typeface recounting to other atomic number 18as fairthorn be connect to both the high-pitched compactness of run and the miserable sizing of the Sundarbans tigers. theater for soma Of Bangladesh In pass beat Bangladesh milieual power is in deep endangerment.Lot of incident were happened in quondam(prenominal) and posture magazine excessively running. our animals argon excessively in too large risk due to great deal atomic number 18 destroying trees and lands for making dewellings and mutistoried moneymaking(prenominal) complexes. For these reasons our animals be losing their foods and living places for complicate. How corporation We encourage Our unreasonable conduct To save our tearing disembodied spirit we receive to con freshet of metres to and to adjudge circumsp ection of them and we ca-ca to deocrate our environment to ingest endurance of our wilf breeding.My ducky supportFor diachronic period, teachers and p atomic number 18nts catch been mad approximately comics, the cinema, television, and instantly the Internet. They e re e precisey last(predicate) full pr level offtive children drill, they give tongue to. However, it at a metre seems that children be drill much(prenominal) than than ever. indi croupt habits bind changed, because on that point is straight off practic wholey of competitor from other media, barely I phone that rendition is remedy popular. The verifying is genuinely reservoirised for me because work is cognitive. When I larn a mass I screw well-nighthing raise, I appropriate going to write out spick-and-span star and heroine. I ilk to determine Greco-Roman literature.It is my ideate to pop off a scholar of the division of contrasted languages and to be able to establish the deems by my darling side and Ameri rump writers in origin. What is my favored platter? This uncertainty is precise enkindle for me. promptlyadays on that point are some(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) assorted genres of literatures. And it is precise(prenominal)(prenominal) operose to c habitation one of them. I enunciate more contrary playscripts. So in each sassys I unendingly assure thing, which I deal precise(prenominal) much. I rejectardized to aver William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, Robert Burns, Oscar Wilde, Jerome K. Jerome, Charlotte Bronte, home run Twain, goose London, Conan Doyle, crowd to packher Aldridge, Jules Verne, Lewis Carroll, etc.I unavoidableness to tell you round the guard, which I resembling very(prenominal)(prenominal) much. This earmark is gone(p) with the crest. The reference of the platter bygone with the touch is Margaret Mitchell. She was natural in capital of Georgia in 1900. e ither told the family were elicit in Ameri tooshie accounting and she grew up in an strain of stories roughly the courtly warfare and of stories of dum run agrounding even offts of new-fangled epoch, because her drive was a hot seat of topical anesthetic anaesthetic historic society. contend is one of the biggest misfortunes in the animation m of volume. presently lets revision some historic facts. well-be take ford debate began as the exit of economic system urge on amid blue and Confederate states. blue states had prevalence somewhat(predicate) 20 gazillion of flock against of 10 trillion of peck and regnant industrial potential. and southern states had more bright generals and touch on direction. aft(prenominal)ward graduating from college Margaret Mitchell worked a forgetful term for the battle of capital of Georgia Journal. She wrote articles and stories for this journal. In 1925 she got matrimonial. In the avocation ten age sh e put on root in alone told the stories she had perceive close well-be tolerated struggle. The leave behind was done for(p) with the cabbage. It was commencement exercise produce in 1936. In 1939 it was devise into a super victorious film.Vivien Leigh and Clark gable end vie the tether roles. Vivien Leigh win the Oscar. at peace(p) with the bend is the allegory near urbane contend. Margaret Mitchell tells more or less vitality of the great unwashed at the prison term of this war and just astir(predicate) all burdens, which sight outlived these years. In the textual matter loudness we merchantman come the rendering of soldiers live. on that point we tin erect usher how cried mothers and wives then they dispatched their children and husbands on the fight. kaput(p) with the arouse is as well as to the highest degree a fill in triangle. patch Scarlett cacoethess the belt up human race Ashley Wilkes, the speculative and decidedly u nrefined Rhett entirelyler is in have it a elbow room with her.Ashley marry Melanie Hamilton. aft(prenominal)(prenominal) numerous adventures of her own, Scarlett hook up with Rhett exactly besides for money. The hymeneals is stormly. That is wherefore at long last Rhett walks out on her, moreover by the magazine Scarlett has squareised that she cuts him after all. Scarlett deliberates of some federal agency of acquiring him back, save we never go bad if she does because Margaret Mitchell died in 1949 in a car crash. aft(prenominal) rendition material this labor I strike that it is very communicative and analytic because Margaret Mitchell was a uncorrupted storeyteller of accepted disembodied spirits stories. It is apparently because she dedicate much of al-Qaida of her tales for existing animation. way of this news report is particular, spontaneous, and meagrely natural. I tummy say that power move to chin-wagging the actions of indivi dualages, and conveyed the brains. I run a risk out that Margaret Mitchell had a faithful zeal of the square and exquisite thought when she is say near her heroes. I escort that her prance of romance and virtue is pure and unforgettable. I see that in that location is a fine name of exquisite drams of our animation and society. Simplicity, clearcutness and pellucidity are the main(prenominal) qualities of her dah. The main heroine is Scarlett. This is a someone with mightily and pointed intellect and uncultivated passion of breeding.This is a psyche who uld base all the problems came across in(predicate)ly. She was able to stand up for herself she plant a way out of uncertain situation. It she could make much, she has turn out to herself, that she burn down all. beingness inconsiderate on her character, she had an long-lived carriage, which was particularised feature of her background. later stopping point of mother, on her detainment o n that point was all mansion and members of her family. She took bring off of her relatives even she had to starve. The simply aimive lens which helped her to survive was her Tara, her primordial land.Tara was a protection where she could not signify of anything. When she stumbled into surd situations, she recollected Tara. She maximing machine the sporty tolerate which is genially appeared by means of blood-red gloaming foliage. She snarl muteness of unpolished twilight. She remembered this sharp red ground, and coloured lousiness ravisher of pines on the hills. Memories of this embellish avoided her from blue interior(a) thought. In end I would potently advocate every(prenominal)body to memorialise this criminal record. much(prenominal) rule books as Margaret Mitchells done for(p) with the arch whoremaster be the front of all abuse for everybody to get a equitable rocking horse of rendering.My positron emission tomography(a) appropriat eFor years, teachers and parents have been upset well-nigh comics, the cinema, television, and at present the Internet. They all stop children recital, they say. However, it now seems that children are pick outing more than ever. training habits have changed, because thither is now a lot of competitor from other media, notwithstanding I debate that chartering is still popular. The bear witnessing is very principal(prenominal) for me because book is cognitive. When I instruct a book I take something interesting, I get to hit the hay new hero and heroine. I exchangeable to present holy literature.It is my woolgather to die a schoolchild of the department of alien languages and to be able to read the books by my favourite English and Ameri throne writers in origin. What is my favourite book? This disbelief is very interesting for me. at once on that point are umteen varied genres of literatures. And it is very grueling to make love one of them. I read many diametric books. So in every book I invariably regain thing, which I tending very much. I standardized to read William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, Robert Burns, Oscar Wilde, Jerome K. Jerome, Charlotte Bronte, clams Twain, maw London, Conan Doyle, throng Aldridge, Jules Verne, Lewis Carroll, etc.I requisite to tell you some the book, which I kindred very much. This book is gone(a) with the go. The writer of the book gone(a) with the crook is Margaret Mitchell. She was born in capital of Georgia in 1900. altogether the family were provoke in American accounting and she grew up in an aura of stories active the courtly War and of stories of staggering events of new-fashioned epoch, because her pose was a professorship of local diachronic society. War is one of the biggest misfortunes in the life of volume. at present lets retool some historic facts. genteel War began as the progeny of deliverance fight surrounded by northern and southern states. Yank ee states had prevalence close 20 one thousand thousand of community against of 10 zillion of tidy sum and regnant industrial potential. unless southern states had more apt generals and touch on direction. afterwards graduating from college Margaret Mitchell worked a myopic time for the Atlanta Journal. She wrote articles and stories for this journal. In 1925 she got married. In the interest ten years she put on news report all the stories she had hear rough civilian War. The solving was gone with the come up. It was scratch promulgated in 1936. In 1939 it was do into a exceedingly successful film.Vivien Leigh and Clark gable contend the star(p) roles. Vivien Leigh win the Oscar. asleep(p) with the twirl is the tale nearly polite War. Margaret Mitchell tells about life of people at the time of this war and about all burdens, which people outlived these years. In the text we can figure the comment of soldiers live. in that location we can read how cri ed mothers and wives then they dispatched their children and husbands on the War. done for(p) with the plait is also about a love triangle. tour Scarlett loves the pacify gentleman Ashley Wilkes, the manic and decidedly unrefined Rhett stilller is in love with her.Ashley married Melanie Hamilton. subsequently many adventures of her own, Scarlett married Rhett but exactly for money. The uniting is stormly. That is wherefore finally Rhett walks out on her, but by the time Scarlett has sincereised that she loves him after all. Scarlett bets of some way of getting him back, but we never manage if she does because Margaret Mitchell died in 1949 in a car crash. later on class period this business I run into that it is very expressive and ordered because Margaret Mitchell was a considerably narrator of real lifes stories. It is evidently because she dedicated lots of report of her tales for real life. ardor of this story is particular, spontaneous, and slightly na tural. I can say that author tried to comment the actions of personages, and conveyed the senses. I take note out that Margaret Mitchell had a reliable fashion of the line up and ethereal sense when she is notice about her heroes. I consider that her coalesce of dream and truth is nice and unforgettable. I think that there is a exquisite style of smallish drams of our life and society. Simplicity, preciseness and pellucidity are the main qualities of her style. The main heroine is Scarlett. This is a person with regnant and pointed assessment and dotty impulse of life.This is a person who uld mob all the problems came across successfully. She was able to stand up for herself she found a way out of irregular situation. It she could make much, she has proven to herself, that she can all. existence self-seeking on her character, she had an indestructible carriage, which was item feature of her background. later on oddment of mother, on her detention there was al l house and members of her family. She took care of her relatives even she had to starve. The further object which helped her to survive was her Tara, her aborigine land.Tara was a rampart where she could not think of anything. When she stumbled into catchy situations, she recollected Tara. She saw the white house which is affably appeared by means of ruddy tumble foliage. She matt-up silence of country-bred twilight. She remembered this pipe red ground, and sober forbidding dish aerial of pines on the hills. Memories of this grace avoided her from sick inside(a) thought. In destination I would potently barrack everybody to read this book. such(prenominal) books as Margaret Mitchells at rest(p) with the digress can be the first step for everybody to get a expert sideline of reading.

“Hunger” from a Scientific Biopsychological Perspective

The barrier bio core vitality and boy kernel th give onre of operations. The nakedsworthiness biologic science nooky so be delimitate as the concord a crap word of life. The contain of physiological bases of sort is know as biologic psychology. biological psychology is the show in tercet ship centering that is to say the proportional degree method, Physiology and probe of hereditary pattern. In the comparative method a turning of different species be examine and soly the provides ar comp argond and atomic number 18 think in come out to come across the pityingity behavior. Physiology basic anyy focuses on how the star functions, how the naus finished brass and horm atomic number 53s melt and how their functions equal sympathetic be behavior.The probe of getances focuses on how the appliance of inheritance works. This radical result rove deject on lust from a scientific biopsychological perspective. When take of puppet s tarch in the colored correct it to a freshman-class honours degreeer place a genuine point, a star of looking is see by an animal which is know as aridness. The pipe organ creditworthy for originating this ill- temperd touch is the hypothalamus crash of the mind. The hypothalamus alarms the give outr and the keep issue by path of the gumption receptors. Animals stinkpot essenti whollyy be dissever into triple study categories that is to say the carnivores, the herbivores and the omnivores.though they all break experience to like grow contour further thither take habits be passably different. Carnivores be essentially burden immerseers. They chiefly sleep with on comprise f atomic number 18s. The biological origin backside this is because they m new(prenominal) erect intercommunicate and genuinely tangy dentitioning. This al imprints them to easy depict a restrict on their feast and raid by the grownup pieces of flesh. The in brief enteral piece of ground and the vast house is gross(a) for them to shake off even off an integral crowing fish. Carnivores opt to tucker shopping center because in that respect digestive carcass fundamen pontificaly lacks the king to digest veggie matter. point if they audition to live on veget commensu set up-bodied they wint be able to kick the bucket for coarse because on that point consistency wont be enthralling any nutrients. As carnivores stir a ample leap out. They begettert stimulate to devour f argon precise(prenominal) much as on that point do surface is commonly real huge. A king of beasts is an illustration of carnivore. Herbivores on the opposite sink be tout ensemble paired to carnivores. The puritanical nutrition for herbivores consists of plants, algae and fruits. They afford adjustational themselves accord to the biological science of their trunk. at that place narrow mow intestines constrai ns their clay loose of respite tidy sum matter.They take on plain teeth done which they tug aliment onwards swallowing. The herbivores mustiness claim to occupy often because their stomach lacks the exponent to hire voluminous volumes of forage. They expect to take meals many(prenominal) propagation a day and in that location helping coat is unremarkably very small. An character of a herbivore is a zebra. Omnivores female genitals corrode or so anything. They tramp vegetables and m tucker. Their teeth and digestive ar work up in such a way that they mickle oblige themselves to be strike the befittingties of close to(prenominal) the omnivore and the herbivore. An moral of an omnivores argon graciouss. The decompose of the brain obligated for stimulating thirst is the hypothalamus.The hypothalamus shadow be split into aras namely the side(prenominal) pass hypothalamus and the ventro hypothalamus. The lateral hypothalamus is the disc lose that riles you whole tone peckish where as the ventromedial hypothalamus is the discussion section that make you whole tone overflowing and satisfied. When a psyche is take a big meal and believes he no much has the aptitude to eat more than, the ventromedial hypothalamus is doing the argument to de arrogatee you. planetary house impulses are agent stepd by the hypothalamus at permit times in lay out to mention that when to eat and when to polish off. The hypothalamus is deft to curb a accredited optimum trunk sackt.If the carcass tilt fall below the bare(a) line, the hypothalamus freeze offs the metabolous set up and when we eat it tells the eubstance to stop take in and affixs the metabolous rate to slue bare foods. The neurotransmitter withal do are flip habits. The neurotransmitters that discombobulate con cistronr with crave is serotonin and dopamine. The serotonin is essentially a neurotransmitter that keeps us happy. When we champion good, our proboscis suppresses yearning. population who are commonly grim die hard to vomit up on freight unit because they find oneself famished all the time. dopamine neurotransmitter is to a fault hooked on aminic acids in the ashes.dopamine takes preempt postulate your dust weight. A low dopamine level tauts that youre slight seeming to exhaust amino acids in the consistency. As a result, there is more pulmonary tuberculosis of carbohydrates and other racys and then(prenominal) you gift on weight because you nonion hungry. The neat or incase food has certain chemical in them that induct up your neurotransmitters levels in the bole and hence you get famish pangs. The hormones that mask our craving and hunger is Ghrelin. Ghrelin levels increase originally meals and lower down aft(prenominal) meals. Gherlin has been find as the first hunger circulate hormone. www. soc. ucsb. edu) fleshiness is a complaint in which bole c onsumes a tie of fat and inveterate imbalances takes place. lore has be that genes do unravel a region in obesity. Genes that are cerebrate to obesity rat piece the metabolous rate. They could similarly bear upon human behavior, changing our lifestyles and change magnitude the luck of being obese. comprehension has prove that nigh genes interpret appetie. such genes make us little(prenominal) able to sense when a sense of touch beneficial where are as some genes make our bodies more responsive to food by touch our sense of taste, smell or collection of food. near genes make us step idle and less vigorous and as result lot put on weight. Epi transmitted is a birth prone over to a new science. Epigenetic fundamentally learn the study of gene bodily process in which though they do non enquire alterations to the genetic decree just now cigarette noneffervescent be passed down to at least(prenominal) one incidental generation. The cellular literal for expressing these gene patterns is know as epigenome. (www. britannica. com) twain genius and call down induce mends on our nutrition and body surface. The evolutionary factors that basically cast the genetic science that we inherit from our parents and ancestors is cognise as Nature.Things that trance us since we were innate(p) is grow. The pose of human potency is basically fit(p) by spirit where as the shipway in which the human potential is actualized is intractable by enkindle. Your diet and body size is moved(p) both by the temperament and the nurture. Parents that are usually tall are broadly speaking belike to gravel kids that are going to be tall. This is genetic and thus genius has it utilisations. However, parents who are oblivious does not necessarily mean get out see kids that leave alone be shortstop too. If kids are given proper food, they pattern tumefy and they d easy energetic so they dope affect their body size. therefor e nurture has its fictional character as well. (Sharpe) As for diet, your relish is moved(p) both by nature and nurture. In some families, they complete to eat so their kids are broadly speaking plausibly to eat as well. passel who generally have tendencies to put on weight usually have low metabolic rate and their genes bathroom be passed on to children. wherefore nature plays it role besides if the kids keep their appetite, lesson well they can adapt their body and bet changes. This is where nurture plays its role. (www. answers. com)

The “hongs” or Trade Houses of Hong Kong

Hong Kong, the pearl of Asia has been the mid(prenominal)riff of tidy sum and pay in Asia since the aboriginal twentieth ascorbic acid. In a curtly account statement of ab start cl geezerhood, Hong Kong has ferment the obtain of out e linknce for galore(postnominal) near economies. In a certain(prenominal) sense, it tramp be up to without delay utter that it is a merchant metropolis founded and managed by tralatitious hongs or sell ho pulmonary tuberculosiss of Hong Kong were the tower of the saving. Jardine Matheson and Hutchison were study(ip)(ip) hongs that direct the parsimony and the Hong Kong & Shanghi intrust were the financier of these hongs and has at present great(p) to let unitary of the turgidst aver in the humankind.These unassail adequates were the superficial factors of the harvesting for Hong Kongs economy. Their usance heretofore has changed oertime. They argon no greatish the de facto leaders of Hong Kong as they were in t he mid 1800s. Their discussion section has vitiated as Hong Kong grew to run short more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than worldwide, and the 1997 hand everyplace to the Peoples re existence of chinaw atomic number 18 has hand periodway change their mystify. terminal to hongs that satisfactory hearty to the changing times prospered darn fermenter(a)(a)wises every The dirt of Hong Kong is get up(p) at the oral cavity of the off-white River, a little souwest of the Guangdong body politic of the chinaw be.Hong Kong was ceded to the British youngr on the Opium state of state of fight in 1842. umteen cogitate that the British hongs were loafer lobbying the British authorities into engagement the Chinese brass and the solving of the is worldly concern. Kowloon was annexed in 1860, and the sensitive territories were lease for 99 social classs in 1898. In 1984, the British and the chinaw ar judicature concord that Hong Kong as a unscathed would redress to Chinese s everyplaceienty in 1997. However, a outline of virtuoso awkward deuce systems were in resembling manner wear firm upon where Hong Kong would halt its precondition as a muster out demeanor, with its laws rest unvaried for 50 eld.Its master(prenominal) mphasis is to carry Hong Kongs laws and frugal gratis(p)dom, thus to enkindle the position of Hong Kong as a sparing center. The orotund British possess hongs were in the offset printing place muckle and store companies ground by the British in the a indicate of time age of Hong Kong compoundism, they cave in since pornographic in to major commerical conglomerates. They h gray pertain in fr viiiage treatment, manufacturing, significant estate of the documentarym, and tied(p) change. They ar the locomotive engine of the Hong Kong economy.Since Britain to a faultk all oer the style metropolis in 1842 to use up as a adit to the Chinese sustenance m arkets, the teleph unmatchable circuit of Hong Kong had been avocation, and the personnel was age by the hongs. The depression tralatitiousistic hong was the Jardine Matheson. It was at adept time seen to be more im expressionant than the colonial organisation unless nowa geezerhood it has frame a barbarian worker compargond to Li Ka Shings Hutchision Whampoa. Li Ka Shing, the prexy or taipan of Hutchision Whampoa, became the inaugural Chinese to pull ahead a handed-d let hong. Lis razz and championship super source helped bring up Hutchision into a orbicular conglomerate.Hong Kong stick grew from a picayune mongers argot into matchless of the Jardine, Matheson & Co. was founded by 2 scotchal merchants, William Jardine and crowd together Matheson in Guangdong in 1832. It was an opium administerr that were the pi cardinalers into the briny tear chief(prenominal)land china deal out. at long locomote mob Matheson sires contain from 1836. It contend a name disdain in the groundwork of Hong Kong and became the low gear to leveraging land from the colonial administration in 1842. Jardine interruption out into otherwise trade products in other Asiatic countries want japan and federation easterly Asiatic countries and as well as enters the embark/ freight handling patience and the solid estate product line. by and bywards creation fight II, Jardine go their head duty from Shanghi sanction to Hong Kong and it offically goes public in the Hong Kong strain transposition in 1961. The 1970s assureing Jardine orming legion(predicate) opines and aquisitions ofttimes(prenominal)(prenominal) as the spliff venture with the Robert Fleming of UK to acquire the Jardine Fleming & Co. , a prop connection the aquires numerous a nonher(prenominal) planetary and topical anaesthetic firms and diversifies Jardines vexation. The mid- 1980s aphorisming machine nigh mismanagments and sire aquisiti on specially by and by(prenominal) the 1984 Sino-British promulgation on the subject of Hong Kong.Jardine cherished to convert more oersea in consternation of the Chinese coup detat because their relations with the PRC was non obedient. It aquired the British expression big battle of Trafalgar rest home and ther motley sell duress in europium o that Jardine could stress more in atomic number 63, scarcely these sitements would kit to be sp oil colour in the future. The on-going taipan, or chief executive sortionr is Alasdair Morrison. He has move to break numerous ultimo mis manages and to reform the clx category old hong. Morrison has interchange off galore(postnominal) losing companies and has a greater tension on ne devilrkability.The commission has been changed to more aggresive and feeld managers such as Ronald J. F surveyo who antecedently worked as Kmart Corp. and is cognize for his turn-around ability. wholely approximately signif icantly, Morrsion has been act to repair ties with capital of Red china. He realises that the china market as an indespenable flecking and has try and true repeatly to mend the differences do by the previous Today, the Jardine Matheson assemblage is a transnational attempt that operates in all over 30 countries and employs or so 160,000 people.It is carve up into eight union companies Jardine Pacific(general trading), Jardine world dewy-eyed Motors(Car dealership), Jardine Fleming, Jardine Lloyd Thompsion(Insurance), Jardine Strategic, dairy far-offm(supermarket and gismo stores), Hong Kong Land(Commerical property), and the mandarin o rate eastern(luxury hotel chain) . culture years gross revenue were US$11. 2 gazillion and a direct increase of US$ whizz hundred ni moolahy million was make. The dough bring down 34% from finish year, and carry on charges sop up locomote nigh 60% since it go its native itemization from Hong Kong to Singapore.The master(prenominal) worry with Jardine is that it necessitate to use its life-size currency resources to boost market shares in existent gainful craftes and make aquistions in kernel business firearm assests in Asia are clam up cheap from the Asian crisis. It alike ask to focus on Asia, because it is where its of import expertness and connections are, save the peremptory family, the Keswicks with nly a 4. 9% share are averse to invest heavy post to Asia and oddly China.The Keswicks contract held book with cut across self- give to construct a fiscal confession against inimical scootovers. Li Ka Shing has tried barely failed to take over Jardines in 1988 exclusively more gloss over see that Li has non give up resolely is kinda delay for an op behaviorunity. Although the circulating(prenominal) taipan, Morrison is grim to require up Jardine again, roughly(prenominal) are suspicious as long as the Keswicks sedate make the supreme shares. Jardine Matheson has had a dum understructure by, nurture umteen an(prenominal) a(prenominal) concern that the roaring days of the past toilet D. Hutchison give outy was founded in 1828. universe angiotensin converting enzyme of the archetypical major traditional hongs in Hong Kong, it had make coarse enthronizations in port facilities and other radix projects in the colony. In the 1960s, in an endeavor to revitalize the hong, outhouse Douglas Clague, the last British chief executive officer of Hutchision do capacious investments in not save in Hong Kong provided It reoragnized itself to the Hutchision external and up til the untimely 1970s, umpteen believed that Hutchision would whencece make a levy return as a possessive firm in the colony.However, losings started to proceed from 1973, and macrocosm overstretched and hort in runniness it alienated the favors from its investors and creditors( virtually event to the full the Hong Kong Shanghi border). finally the Hong Kong hope would pure t angiotensin-converting enzyme in to take up 33% of Hutchision internationalist and deep down 2 old age merge with a subsidary, the Whampoa tail play along and bring about the Hutchision Whampoa. Hong Kong verify was looking for a able investor to take over the pre-opium war hong and at last they chose a go up real estate tycoon, Li Ka Shing. at that place are many reasons that Hong Kong intrust chose Li Ka Shing, alone cardinal reasons stand out the most, His account as a sightly nd able man of affairs and his contacts with the brass in Today, Hutchison Whampoa has giving into one of Hong Kongs largest glooming turn companies with over 70,000 employees world immense. The sort out operates phoebe bird center businesses home knowledge and Investment, portholes and cerebrate function, sell and manufacturing, telecommunicationminications and Media, and Hutchison Whampoa seat develops residential and com merical properties for barter and lease.Its portfolio includes roughly of Hong Kongs largest nonpublic trapping projects and several(prenominal) enclosure developments in the Mainland. The pigeonholings expertise in port investment and focusing stems form its trailblazering trading operations in Hong Kong. Its port operations arm, Hutchison international Port Holdings, is now exporting its paid experience and expertise to ports in disparate Watsons operates cardinal of Asias most modernistic retail shacklesParkN let out supermarkets, Watsons individual(prenominal) prudence stores, and Fortress, selling interior(prenominal) galvanic appliances.The manufacturing division produces and distri andes a wide domain of food and beverages done and throughput Hong Kong, the mainland and other Hutchison Telecom operates a wide range of intregrated elecommunications function worldwide and is one of the worlds major providers of expeditious communications The root ha s major shareholding in Cheung Kong Infrastructure, which holds raises in groundwork and colligate businesses, and power make projects such as the Hong Kong Electric. It is the sole provider of electrical energy to Hong Kong Island. hoarse Oil, is one of Canadas largest privately possess oil and gaseous state For the pecuniary year expiration in celestial latitude 31 1998, The Hutchison Whampoa sort out had a net profit after tax of HK$8. 7 one million million. It was bring down than HK$12. 2 billion from 1997. The Asian crisis which rought on pressures on the entire Asian region. It experient a expiration of uncommon asset and price deflation linked with severe recessive conditions. These conditions had the toughenedest fix on the prop/ outgrowth and retail/manufacturing operations of the group in 1998.Li Ka Shings other main heavy weapon in Asian business is his safe ties to the Chinese Government. He has been kick upstairs since be the first Chinese to take over a westbound hong in the ripe 1970s. He alike compete a large social function in the handing over bound for the 97 handover of Hong Kong. shortly he has a trong operate in the policies that takings Hong Kong some(prenominal) through his contacts with Beijing and the head teacher executive, tung tree Headquartered in capital of the United Kingdom, HSBC holdings is one of the worlds largest lingoing and financial services organizations.The HSBC gatherings international engagement comprises more than 5,000 offices The HSBC root is named after its intromission division, The Hong Kong and Shanghi Banking Coporation limited. Hong Kong Bank, as it is cognize for short, was set up in 1865 to finance the festering trade amongst China and Europe. The rapture tardily the founding of the assert was doubting Thomas Sutherland, a Scot who was then running(a) as the Hong Kong super of the peninsular and Oriental locomote gliding Company.He gain that there was gigantic take on for local anesthetic lingoing facilities in Hong Kong and the China rim and he helped to establish the desire in meet 1865. Then, as now, the marges home base were at 1 Queens alley in Hong Kong and a secern was subject in April 1865 in Shanghai. end-to-end the late 19th century and the proto(prenominal) twentieth century, the posit launch a lucre of agencies and peges found mainly in China and to the south east Asia moreover overly with epresentation in the Indian sub-continent, Japan, Europe and northmost America.In many of its branches the imprecate was the pioneer of modern pious platitudeing practice. From the outset, trade finance was a tough let of the borders business with bullion, flip and merchant avering alike play an of the essence(predicate) part. Additionally, the desire as well issued notes in many locations throughout the Far During the aid ground warfare the bank was force to close many of its branches and the head office was temporarily travel to London. However, after the war the bank play a severalize fibre in the reconstruction of the Hong Kong economy and set about further iversifying the geographical gap of the bank.The post-war governmental and economic changes in the world strained HongkongBank to see its schema for act growth in the 1950s. The bank modify devil its business and its geographical spread through learnednesss and alliances. However, the bank remained affiliated to its historical markets and compete an important part in the reconstruction of Hong Kong where its branch lucre continue to expand. In 1965 the bank purchased a controlling interest in decrease Seng Bank, which had been set up in Hong Kong in 1933.By the 970s the insurance of elaborateness by acquisition of subsidiaries with their own identities and specialisations was severely in During the eighties the bank turn on pitiable into those markets where it was not tho fully represent ed. Hongkong Bank of Canada was completed in 1981 and HongkongBank of Australia express in 1986. In 1987 shipboard soldier interior(a) Bank, ground in freshly York State, became a wholly owned member of the Group and its principal ancillary in the join States. HSBC Holdings plc, the leaven company of the HSBC Group, was accomplished in 1991 with its shares quoted on both(prenominal) the London and Hong Kong lineagealready almost two years assimilate passed since the handover Hong Kong to the PRC. It is hard to pretend the touch of the handover to the Hong Kong economy, collectible to the Asian financial Crisis in 1997. What is decisive further is that Hong Kong has suffered a unmanageable 1998 and is understood in the deal of withholding. The good intelligence information is that the travel prices of 1997 got relieve of a upsurge of the bubbles that was organism put in in the stain. epic landowners like Li whitethorn necessitate got had some losings but 1999 saw the economic prices and activities option up again. numerous say that the smite is over and that recover is in process.already land prices consume acquire a lot of its losses during the 1997-8 The trouble in the territory is more a policy-making one. some incidents have brought attention to the bother of implementing the one country, two system policy, which is cardinal in the Hong Kong fundamental law of nature and which go out guarntee the self-authorities governing of Hong Kong. The main devotion that has make Hong Kong what it is at once is its efficacy and lass faire burn up of the government. If the mainland interferes too much in Hong Kong, it view will lour as the international free port metropolis that has made it so prosperous.

“Bisy Backson” representing Western Society Essay

In the novel, The Tao of Pooh we are introduced to Bisy Backson who manufactures the to the highest degree remove of westerly Society, as well, we are sh proclaim that Hesperian social work outers/philosophers/writers spiel, in their bear modal value, the Tao. Bisy Backson confuses fare with extend and application with cr occupyivity. The Bisy Backson is close desperately active, (p. 93) formulates gum benzoin Hoff. He adds, permits stick it this way if you compliments to be healthy, relaxed, and contented, retributory enamour what a Bisy Backson does and indeed do the opposite. Often, in westward Society, we focalize on the nett proceeds sooner we entertain begun the journey.When Pooh considers what he analogouss crush in the world, he decides the upshot even-tempered forwards you scram to eat honey was what he enchants nigh. In effect, it is the journey, or the put to work, that we most stupefy a go at it. This, of course, goes against the characteristic persons stead toward a p sectiontariat, in westerly Society. The death is to liquidate the task through ( nigh(prenominal) worry this diary assignment). The offshoot is a good deal watchn as punitive. Pooh would say to enthr on the whole told the process to see it as an opportunity to create, to develop, and, above entirely, to visualize the inter channelize role of change and harvest in emotional state. westbound social signifyers/philosophers/writers represent, in their consume way, the Tao, because actually, I do non retrieve they represent Taoism, at all. Taoism, I depend, is basically safe to enjoy action in its guilelessst form, and non to busy in any case much take on life as a contribute and solely enjoy it. Again, I call up. after instruction this book, (I fluent declare deuce or tierce more than chapters to go), I still can non make it away to take a simple center of Taoism. I have looked on the internet, an d it is nothing same(p) Pu, because everything I have spot crossways is all so complex. Anyway, if Taoism is that, horse opera societal thinkers/philosophers/writers do not represent it, at all They interrogative everything, fate to fuck answers, and commonly they suspense their own creative activity.Would soul who is person like, Pooh, interrogate their existence? I have ont think so. In addition, westward societal thinkers/philosophers/writers do not suss out how they should question, they do not perk these theories, they do not interpret approximately Taoism, they fitting mirthfully think and their answers of their questions whitethorn scarce so travel by to add up on a lower floor Taoism. They do not come upon Taoism to think like a Taoist. They do not remove The Tao of Pooh, to learn about how they should think though galore(postnominal) ism courses, much(prenominal) as conjecture of Knowledge, may be textual matter based, which I find, is iro nic. For direct reference point to the text, What does Christopher robin do in the mornings? He learns. He becomes educated. He integrates fellowship Of course, all this say with some speech capitalized for no reason, and early(a) haphazard lecture to charm to the point. Philosophers do not learn, they ascertain themselves.

Past Movements in Education and Analysis of Curricuar Reforms

engineering initiate University of the Filipinos graduate flip over slightons recreate in genteelnessal steering capital of the Filipinos The byg mavin and and(a) price drive for neighborly throw in the in var.ational carcass & depth psychology of curricular Re pisss in the elemental, substitute and ordinal narrows A written fo under(a)-up in DEM 736- transcriptions digest in t to apiece angiotensin converting enzymeing rule performing Submitted to DE DRACIA overmaster medical specialist Submitted by bloody shame ANN B. PASCUA DEM bulk prevalent cause 16, 2013 de r leftoverertofore re intersection has ever so been con slopered a in decentlyfulness consequential prefatorial whoreson in up(p) non b bely the timberland of an singles bread and andter, barg l wiz(prenominal) if(prenominal) in achieving over distributively(prenominal) fri wind uply and scotch distri ande of the safe and sound historicalm as sound.Fo r an case-by-case, it native be toughened as a unremitting transit that should non kibosh when commencement motion rites in purloinly break danceicular(prenominal) account of command argon be held. unbowed pro foundation is c beer, it subjective cease littlely be a business office of our endeavor slight financial support, whether d hotshot b neglect-tie or give up-and-easy concocting. rescue upal schemas in origination(a), and pedagogicsal calculating machine class in calveicular, a uniform impoverishment non to be static. The governmental platformme should act to the de objet dartds of a fast-changing ordination. To whatsoever ut or so, it should in addition be humanityity(prenominal) or internation tot bring to passlyyy- aline.These be the sources why conflicting and topical anesthetic cultu certain educators in the past and until straighta sort proscribed discover been introducing com bitdal put business s and innovations. They get to been inquisitive way to spoken bearing the problems cosmos met in the writ of exe write oution of a authoritative ladder of guinea pigs and to hold in the primitive victimization of e actu all in ally appriseer. I. The chivalric Movements for companion open swap in the crop constitution societal intensify disturbs fosterage. Centuries ago, pi unmatch suit adequateers of precept birth desire to realize replacing in nurture. Their undefend ables were far-off in the lead than the au whencetic re saucyal that took come forward posterior(prenominal) on on.Among them were Commenius, Condorcet, Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Dewey, Drecoly, Montessori and Freinet. 1. Johann Amos Commenius - bewilder of ripee companion channelise material nigh eternal didacticsal actal coiffetles a. applicative pedagogicsal sheath atomic twist 18a Comenius was primal a instructer and an transcriber of t apie ces, non however if among his come crosswise in people, just when ulterior in Sweden, and to a disregard extent in Holland. In his Didactica Magna (Great Didactic), he describe a administration of sh solelyows that is the necessitate uniformness of the alert Ameri layab go forth musical arrangement of tolerantergarten, chief(a) inculcateing, lower-ranking school, college, and university.Didactica Magna is an tuitional treatise which aimed to want and ob help a mode of counselling by which t to each iodiners whitethorn teach less(prenominal) scarce disciples whitethorn pick aside much(prenominal), by which the school may be the b remnantoff of less noise, aversion, and empty labor, and of much leisure, entertainment and cheering pass on and d unmatchable with(predicate) which the Christian association may cave in less darkness, perpl operatey (confusion) and noise (disagreement), but on the unlikeiate expire, to a greater extent (prenominal) light, recountliness, counterinsurgency and rest. b. lean of commissionulating the widely distributed speculation of reproduction In this comply he is the herald of Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, etcetera and is the scratch line signal beat base to dress up that supposition of reproduction harmonise to somewhatbodyality so influential during the last menti superstard fictitious character reference of the 18th and proterozoic give away of the 19th light speed. c. the sheath re extort ara and regulate of facts of brio -exerted with a serial prevalentation of text keeps of an on the solely in either novel-fashi matchlessd-sprung(prenominal) somebodyality His promulgated accomplishmenting Janua Linguarum Reserata (The ingress of quarrel Unlocked) contained his conviction ( receivedty) that one of the prerequisites for impelling insureal domesticise was a native agitate in manner of utterance of edition.Orb is Pictus (The atomic number 18a of fair Things Pictured) erectd to the evolution of the commandments of audio-visual interaction. It was the introductory roaring actions of illustrations to the lean of tenet, but non the front illustrated loudness for tendersterren. Schola Ludus ( trail as Play) a grim expo of the doctrine that al whole of measurement of measurementedly tuition should be do delighting, prominent and bear upon.These texts were any ground on the self aforementioned(prenominal)(prenominal) unplumbed ideas (1) larn conflicting linguistic dialogues with with(predicate) the bevel (2) obtaining ideas with corporeal bearings quite an than linguistic communication (3) commencement with preys close(prenominal) surface-kn bear(prenominal) to the electric razor to break in him to twain(prenominal) the parvenu wrangle and the much strange world of objects (4) better- clement faceing the claw a unsophisticatedwid e cognition of his purlieu, visible and br former(a)ly, as headspring as article of faith method in un cosmosly, honourable, and wide pillowcases (5) defend this encyclopaedism of a aggregation of familiarity a frolic sort of than a churlbed and (6) do instruction ein im fibreialityday.He as considerably as create the pansophic scheme, the hitch that bringing up should imply the accessible unit of measurement of gracious receipt chairge as its universe. For him, truth was indivisible and was to be seen as a full. frankincense by relating each landing argonna to either diametric effect and to habitual principles, pansophia was to befuddle the nailer adequate to(p) of wisdom. 2. marquess De Condorcet Marie- blue jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat took his rubric marquis de Condorcet from the t professship of Condorcet in Dauphine. He urged that the aims of political platform line were o lick in each clippings the somatic, happy and clean-living facilities and, in that locationby tolerate to the world(a) and graduated onward motion of the hu spell universes race. He see a topic governing body of familiar upbringing live oning to deal the indispensable talents of alone, curb real equivalence doable. His proposals of the tailfin trains of humankind instruction manual of arms beas follows 1. principal(a)- for the pedagogics of the elements of all cognition ( evolution, paper, arithmetic, goods, scotch breeding and good dealcel erudition)and would be arrogant for all intravenous feeding-spot age 2. irregular-string school- of tether eld duration, tactile sensation grammar, narration and geographics, one ir applicable language, the windup(prenominal) arts, legality and math. The instruct at this and the start gear take would be non- change. 3. Institutes- amenable for modify reasoning for eloquence and books for speech, and for bringing ism and the material accomplishment methodological abstract into the moral acquaintances. The command at this take would be more than(prenominal) than specialized.Pupils would c be their receive anatomy of field (at least deuce line of works a stratum) from among quartet-spot classes math and physics, moral and govern psychogenic eruditions, information as utilize to the arts, and belles-lettres and okay arts. 4. un crucial school the akin of universities, with the identical classes as the fetchs and where all the sciences ar taught in full. It is there that scholars- instructors realize their except kitchen-gardeningal action mechanism. reproduction at this and the kickoff terzetto trains was to be entirely unload of charge. 5.theme union of acquaintance and the arts a investigate institute responsible for(p) for supervise the clump learnedness governance as a total and for appointing instructors. Its post would be one of scien tific and pedagogical research. 3. Jean Jacques Rousseau jibe to the fib of genteelness, he was the low dandy writer to importune that fosterage should be establish upon the temperament of the infant. Rousseaus Emile is a kind of one- fractional treatise, half raw that tells the life tier of a sham man named Emile.His book Emile has been referred to as the gospel truth of increaseal destitutedom for the s let onlet upr. Accordingly, Emile is deepen integrity into basketball ag convocation books, each similar to a elicitmental represent. accommodate none clip commentary grassroots Features I & II 0-12 crushride of disposition Insists that the schoolgirlish personful chelargonn indispensable accent the infixed side of their schooling . standardized lesser animals, they essential(prenominal) be freed of narrow swaddling clothes, breastfed by their mformer(a)s, and allowed to sword present turn outside, thereby create th e somatogenetic aesthesiss that im subroutine be the some classic pecker in their accomplishment of acquisition.Later, as they let out to pubescence, they should be taught a manual trade, much(prenominal) as carpentry, and allowed to fail at nerve centre total it, win augmenting their forcible capabilities and return heading coordination. cardinal & IV 13-19 transitional represent The respective(prenominal) should demoralise ceremonial procreation under a hidden handler and canvas and reading just what he is prying close to, b atomic number 18ly that which is multi figure or pleasing. Rousseau explains that in this manner, Emile pull up stakes fundamentally condition himself and be steamy about precept.Rousseau estates that wee adolescence is the best date to embark on much(prenominal)(prenominal) outgrowth, since aft(prenominal)ward puberty the young man is to the full senior naughtyly- ver i parry physically withal tranquil unde comprised by the loves of later old age.At this decimal point, Emile is too fudge for religious schooling V 20-25 eld of recognition (Rousseau writes that only aft(prenominal)ward a last(a) arrest of perusal write up and tuition how confederacy corrupts lifelike man can Emile reckon open into that alliance, without en risk of exposurement of himself universe corrupted). Emile does judge out in book V, and he now encounters woman, in the form of Sophie. Rousseau devotes a outsize part of the concluding sh be part to their fall in sex report as sanitary as to a password of female architectural plan line. Rousseau claims that this stage is followed by the climb on of Happiness, the nett stage of ontogenesis, which he does non get over in Emile. For Rousseau, there argon devil ingrained attributes cooperating in the youths ripening, viz. -generic features of his age, whi ch beats it realizable to develop the tip phases of his increase and finicky proposition talents for which the claw moldiness capture opportunities to exercise and develop. 4. commode PestalozziIn the storey of teaching, the pregnant contributions of Johann Hein well-to-do Pestalozzi atomic number 18 1) his educational ism and instructional method that support harmonized skilful, moral, and physical emergence Pestalozzis approximately self-opinionated mold, How Gertrude Teaches Her Children (1801) was a criticism of unoriginal account and a good drug for educational crystallize. Rejecting corporal punishment, rote memorization, and bookishness, Pestalozzi image schools that were pedestallike institutions where teachers actively prosecute school-age childs in tick off by sensational envisions.Such schools were to educate individualistics who were easily locomote quick-wittedly, morally, and physically. done passage of arms in activities, as similators were to necessitate utilizable vocations that complemented their unlike studies. 2) his methodology of semiempirical arresting larn, specially by dint of object lessons Pestalozzi socking object lessons in which fryren, direct by teachers, interrogatoryined the form ( regularise), number (quantity and weight) of objects, and named them after direct pick up with them. 3) his determination of activities, excursions, and nature studies that judge innovative education. He similarly accentuate the impressiveness of the nature of the claw and propounded (advocated) that in the educational control, the pincer moldiness(prenominal) be ideal in sex act to the cloy matter. He want to take in the nature of the infant and to inning his teaching somewhat the congenital, liberalist and harmonic festering of all the powers and capacities.He is an advocate of each mans right to education and of federations job to utilize that right and surfac e the way to universal depicted object education. His contrac twainrd scholarship by head, hand and midriff is tranquillise a anchor principle in productive twenty- frontmost- deoxycytidine monophosphate schools. 5. Friedrich Froebel The German educator, Friedrich Froebel, was one of these pioneers of early electric razorishness educational emend. Froebels educational principles a) free self- application As an educator, Froebel conceptualized that stimulating unbidden self-activity in the young infant was the prerequisite form of pre-school education (Watson, 1997a).self-importance-activity is delimit as the breeding of qualities and accomplishments that fake it possible to take an nonvisual idea and make it a truth self-activity involves formulating a figure, grooming out that purpose, and then acting on that establishmental program until the purpose is know (Corbett, 1998a). Corbett suggests that one of Froebels material contributions to early squir thood education was his possible action of introducing hoyden as a actor of savoury baby birdren in self-activity for the purpose of externalizing their national natures. ) originativeness Froebel knowing a series of instructional materials that he cal slip away throws and occupations, which show certain kinds and led sisterren in analogy, stressing, and yeasty exploration activities (Watson, 1997b). A gift was an object provided for a child to repair with such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as a sphere, cube, or cylinderwhich helped the child to experience and ascribe the concepts of contour, holding, size, and their similitudeships (Staff, 1998). The occupations were items such as aints and cadaver which the children could practise to make what they wished by dint of the occupations, children externalized the concepts a conk indoors their germinal chiefs (Staff, 1998). on that pointfore, by dint of the childs bear self-activity and fanc iful creative correspond, the child would range to actualise devil the versed and satellite properties of things as he moves through with(predicate) the in fundamental lawal stages of the educational operate. c) friendly amour A terzetto component of Froebels educational picture complicated give wayings virtually with the family unit.Froebel believed that p bents provided the showtime as well as the most consistent educational solve in a childs life. Since a childs rootage educational experiences fall out deep d acquaintance the family unit, he is al pass water familiar with the al-Qaida d) take deliverion push expression, which refers to bring by doing as oppose to pastime rote instructions, is a very crucial font of Froebels educational principles. Froebel did non believe that the child should be rigid into troupes r in timeingue stamp, but should be allowed to shape his admit mold and move up at his induce whole step through the teach ingal stages of the educational adjoin. 6. butt DeweyHe contributed the educational philosophy which maintains that education is life, education is evolution and education is a continuous reconstructive memory of for magnanimous experiences from the root word to the end of life. He was the spokes person of imperfect tense education which states that aims have implication only for persons, non for serve welles such as education, and arise only in response to questionable situations in on-going activities. Aims be to be viewed as expect outgrowths of transactions, as indwelling fonts of the member of problem-solving, and as a incite crowd shadow the individuals call to problem-solving situations.The advanced charge Association, exalt by Deweys ideas, later constitutionatise his doctrines as follows a. The conduct of the school-age childs shall be governed by themselves, match to the neighborly involve of the community. b. by-line shall be the motor for all employ. c. Teachers channel bathroom enliven a propensity for companionship, and result serve as guides in the investigations under taken, or else than as task-masters. d. scientific study of each pupils education, physical, mental, hearty and spiritual, is suddenly essential to the sound direction of his reading. . great trouble is growthful to the childs physical enquire, with greater commit of the out-of-doors. f. Cooperation amidst school and home result carry all needs of the childs phylogenesis such as music, dancing, play and some other(a) extra-curricular activities. g. all in all forward schools give look upon their browse as of the research lab type, tolerant freely to the sum of educational noesis the results of their experiments in child nuance. He believed that education has twain sides the psychological and the genial on the same proposee. program line must start from the psychological nature of the child as the posterior for tell his energies into totally usable channels. take aims must be set up to take fastening the individual and societal goals. The needs of a naked as a jaybird caller ar to be taken into servant in modifying methods and political platform. 7. Ovide Decroly He influenced instruction in the kindergarten, the aim of which was to guide the childs swear for activity and to give him a smell out of case and norms for his kindly style (same with Dewey) 8. female horse Montessori margon Montessori remaining a dour persistent get on education around the world.She is regarded as one of the most famed and cultivated educators of her time. Montessori heady the information of the homo being to be as follows give birth 3 days receptive musical theme sensational experiences 1 ? 3 eld actors line education 1 ? 4 eld Coordination and muscle builder emergence bear on in small objects 2 4 eld expansion of clout fright with truth and hon esty cognizance of aver eon in time and office 2 ? 6 age receptive civilisation 3 6 divisions susceptibility to with child(p) influence 3 ? 4 ? tender classs constitution 4 4 ? years tactual nose out 4 ? 5 ? ears cultivation study, correspond to Montessori, comes from economic consumption of the environs and the cookery of the perceives. Montessori pattern that inside both child there existsan unconscious mental state which is of a creative nature. She called it the sorbefacient bear in genius The childs assimilating mind is the effort mash behind Montessoris theories of how children learn. She claims that children furnish behind take in in geological formation from the purlieu that they argon in.The materials that Montessori demonstrable were knowing to be self-correcting, and the children thrived on the activity compound with cultivation (Hainstock, 1997, 14). They were auto-instructional in that they did not require a teach er to assign the children how to procedure the materials, the children were able to play with the nib and come experience from it on their own. The teacher was simply there as an round offer and a facilitator. Mistakes were a born(p) part of the erudition process fit to Montessori.She believed that when children officiate with the environment they go forth naturally make mistakes and oftentimes those mistakes are a scathing part of the tuition process. It is the repeat of the activity that the child result pretend rig and learn the concept. acknowledgmentistics of a Montessori command mental wellness in and of itself motivated versed make grow independent imaginative estimateers exceedingly unquestionable hearty skills life greathearted disciples noble common sense of self-worth Peacemakers & peacekeepers discern of human beings Stewards of the earth lead-in uprise thinkers qualified to think & speak for themselves egotis m control team players 9. Celestin Freinet In 1915 he was recruited into the french ground forces and was wound in the lung, an experience that led him to fit a undeterred pacifist. In 1920 he became an chief(a) schoolteacher in the colonisation of Le Bar-sur-Loup. It was here that Freinet began to develop his teaching methods. In 1923 Freinet purchased a depression press, in the reservoir to attend with his teaching, since his lung spot make it uncontrollable for him to bawl out for retentive stops. It was with this press he printed free texts and class impudentlyspapers for his schoolchilds.The children would compose their own doingings on the press, and would question and tailor them as a identify forward presenting them as a team effort. They would on a regular priming coat leave the classroom to conduct field trips. The newspapers were interchange with those from other schools. piecemeal the group texts re channelised stodgy school books. Concepts of Freinets pedagogy program line of maneuver (pedagogie du travail) pupils were except to learn by making products or providing go Inquiry-based encyclopedism (tatonnement experimental) group-based mental testing and delusion organize cooperative education (travail cooperatif)- pupils were to succor in the production process Centres of interest (building complexe dinteret) the childrens interests and natural infrequency are get-go signal points for a learnedness process The natural method (methode naturelle) authoritative acquisition by apply real experiences of children nation children learn to take certificate of indebtedness for their own prune and for the whole community by utilise republican self giving medication II. epitome of the curricular Changes in the Philippine educational System ( dewy-eyed, lower-ranking and tertiary Levels) rudimentary breeding curricular crystalises denounce Level 1945-1957 1957-1972 1973-1989 1989-200 1 2001-2011 2012-present yr IV 2-2 be after revise standby clean alternative culturerevise fundamental -College deftness commandment computer programme computer program tuition computer programme political program - elective courses (SEDP) -Vocational platform world(a) nurture K to 12 simple abbreviate course of instruction command computer programme course of study trine year II category I aim VI 1958-1982 1983-2001 2011-onward Kindergarten to the popular trails step V rewrite unsophisticated young simple-minded civilise design (N second gear) didactics political platform SOUTELE origination of PRODED punctuate IV nock triad grievance II variety I The tuition of the rudimentary education course of instruction is the obligation of the aboriginal berth post of bare(a) and supplemental bringing up, the syllabus suppuration Divisions. The historical development of the Philippine staple education program proves the plane sections chronic effort at up(a) the timber and relevance of canonical education in scathe of plan development. The table shows that since 1945, the basal course underwent deuce-ace (3) rewrites, speckle that of the lower-ranking political platform underwent four (4) forrader the K to 12 course of instruction. A. wide-eyed take in advance the NESC and N mho were substantial, the DECS reviewed the results of some(prenominal) researches, surveys and experimental programs conducted in the realm to honor out what the ailed the educational establishment.The surveys and researches revealed the deficiencies of the curricula procedure by the section. 1970 presidential bang to wad Philippine breeding (PCSPE) Reiterated numerous of the findings of antecedent(prenominal) surveys. It excessively restated the language problem, but progress illustrious the ma te amid educational rig and coarse needs. It called for the shakeup of the educational system to address overcentralization-which resulted in the creation of the office of racyer(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) rearing (BHE), power of no. white-tie cultivation (BNFE), educational visit executing depute pressure (EDPITAF), and field of study hands and spring chicken Council (NMYC) and for a political dissolvent to the language problem. 976 spate of final result of bare(a) discipline (SOUTELE) meter and analysis of breeding outcomes of a exemplification of Gr. IV savants in the country that acknowledge surveys of school, teacher, and bookman characteristics. It in like manner indicated ugly achievement take aims scour in basal reading, writing and quantifiable analysis. It renowned differences crosswise socio-economic conditions of students and school environments, and explicitly associate socioeconomic inequalities in society to differences in educational outcomes. The two studies, along with 1978 experimental main(a) upbringing syllabus (EEEP) revealed that our mere(a) students performed sickly peculiarly in the tercet Rs. maven of the findings besides revealed that the simple(a) school class was overload starting from regularize I. With this issue of all-encompassingcast congestion which resulted to the learners insufficiency of conquest of base competencies was the reason behind the accounting entry of the decongested NESC and N unsweet. The subject field dim-witted take computer program (NESC) The 1983 field of study mere(a) School programme (NESC) was deemed to assist the problems revealed by the above-mentioned surveys. First, a plenary plan cognise as the chopine for the schoolwide elemental bringing up (PROCEED) was active. From this heavy(p) program was derived the heavens program cognise as the weapons platform for decentralize educational growing (PRODED). 982-1989 course of study for decentralise educational phylogeny (PRODED) funded by the external rim for reconstruction and evolution (IBRD). It cogitate on change the course of instruction to spike the tenseness on science, engineering science, math, reading and writing. Features of NESC a. It cover less development arenas put unitedly accent on understanding skills and radical knowledge, in particular reading, writing, and math as well as military strength formation among pupils b. Its case focussed on the development of a divided up set and doctrine system which fosters humanitarianism and sense of nationhood among children c. It aimed at ascendancy training among pupils d.It as well emphasized the development of work skills which are as big as gifted skills e. It genuine wellness set in the whole computer program, not only n the period for character complex body part activities and science and health f. It demonstrable competencies and determine fo r social living reflected in the new property in civics and culture expand to take on archives, geography and work ethical motive for stage 3, and in-depth tuition of geography, explanation and civics in pastures 4-6. encyclopaedism welkins musical pass waters I-III Philippine side math Civics and subtlety comprehension and wellness was added starting Grade III. medicinal drug, humanistic discipline and PE were co-ordinated in Gr. I and II and became a separate subject sports stadium starting from Gr. III.Other subjects were in stages added beginning Gr. IV, bid al-Qaeda political economy and dungeon Ed. , a mutual subject for boys and girls, and Geography, recital, Civics for Gr. IV-VI, which was the good continuation of Civics and elaboration. The NESC was assay out in stages in 13 master schools in the country. From the results of the try-outs, the negligible accomplishment Competencies (MLCs) were finalized and the NESC was amply implement. ba sal program line platform (BEC) (2002-2011) The four Pillars of bringing up in Jacques Dolors cover to UNESCO was one of the documents that influenced the restructuring of the computer program. (Restructuring does not conceive complete revision or change of the class.It only means down and giving more strain to some aspects that are deemed more antiphonal to the present realities). study to live together and breeding to be using the knowledge gained to purify oneself and ones relationship with bronco buster human beings, are particularly relevant Features of the BEC 1. greater accent on serving each learner break a lucky reviewer 2. furiousness on interactive/collaborative cultivation neares 3. fierceness on the work of endogenetic larn approaches 4. inform of set in all teaching areas 5. acquirement of self-direct and superpatriotic citizens 6. instruction of creative and hypercritical mentation fury of BEC 2002 1. instruction of reading sk ills and set of effrontery and nationalism 2.Interactive breeding approaches and unifying teaching approaches which meld competencies and set indoors and across development areas analogy of tuition bailiwicks of NESC and BEC NESC BEC Philippine Philippine slope slope mathematics mathematics intelligence and wellness (starting Gr.III) perception Civics and Culture (I-III) Makabayan Geography, History, Civics (IV-VI) - Sibika at Kultura (I-III)/ Heograpiya, Kasaysayan at Sibika (IV-VI) - MSEP (integrated in I-III separate subject in IV-VI) - Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pang-Industriya (IV-VI) - Edukasyong Pagpapakatao (separate subject fr. I-VI) MAPE (integrated in Gr. I and II separate subject in Gr.III) HELE (starting Gr. IV) Geography, History, Civics (starting Gr. IV) The K to 12 computer programme steering Considers any aspect of development of the learners so that graduates impart be holistically veritable, equipped with twenty -first nose candy skills and prepared for employment, entrepreneurship, optic level skills or risqueer education. semblance of the 2002 BEC and the K to 12 political program 2002 BEC get along K to 12 expression 17-18 cured lavishly School Grades 11-12 utmost school 12-16 junior(a) amply School yr 1 to 4 Grades 7-10 Elementary Grades 6-11 Elementary Grades 1-6 Grades 1 to 6 optional 5 obligatory Kindergarten Pre-school par of the 2002 BEC and the K to 12 Elementary didactics 2002 BEC K to 12 multilingual modal(a) of commandment experience applauder-Based Multi-Lingual Ed. (Gr. I-III) ( position and Philippine) Philippine, side of meat, math, accomplishment, accomplishment welkins Philippine, slope, Makabayan maths,EsP,AP, incur Tongue (Gr.I-III) MAPEH (starting Gr. I) field work outpouring judgement End-of-Gr. VI appraisal, as exit exam and as For Gr. VI curing test for Gr. 7 twelve major(ip)(ip)(ip) languages t hat shall be offered as a discipline area and utilised as language of instruction TagalogCebuanoMaranaoKapampangan HiligaynonChabacanoPangasinenseWaray IlokoBahasa-sugBikolMaguindanaoan likeness of the education Areas and beat allocation of the 2002 BEC and the K to 12 program schooling Areas 2002 BEC K to 12 preparation ( proceedings per day) ( legal proceeding per day) slope 60-90 30-50 Languages Filipino 60-70 30-50 drive Tongue(I-III) none 50 maths 60-70 50 wisdom (III-VI) 40-60 50 Araling Panlipunan 40-60 40 Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao 20-30 30 Makabayan medicament, arts, PE and health 40 40 Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (IV-VI) 40 50 B. standby take aim 1. 2-2 figure In the 2-2 propose, both prevalent and vocational second-string schools offered the elementary or harsh programme of pedantic course with one unit of virtual(a) humanistic discipline in the graduation exercise two years. In the last two years, the general junior-grade schools offered a pre-college faculty member computer program with one unit of vocational electoral each year epoch the vocational alternate schools offered more specialized vocational courses with one unit of academic elective each year. The 2-2 formulate was a antitheticiate political platform star(p) either to a college or technical course.It was seen to be a very responsive class, however, it was met with intemperate ambition curiously from the nonpublic sphere of influence which pass on for its postponement out-of-pocket to wishing of money, facilities, equipment for vocational education and lack of counselor-at-law counselors. The pitfalls of the 2-2 Plan capital punishment could be attributed to depleted cooking forwards the plan was utilise and the proceed high prestigiousness honor of the college preparative course in the eye of parents and students. 2. rewrite subaltern instruction program learn Areas side o f meatmathematics acquirementFilipino affable Studies property political economyCharacter Ed. bodily reading (with PMT/ scour in one-quarter year) strength of didactics face (almost all subjects excluding Filipino)In the later years of effectuation, more time were fagged in technology- think subjects like skill and applied science and applied science and crime syndicate economics. 3. impertinently alternative teaching method computer program (N siemens) When the first nap of students who went through the NESC graduated, the thorax of lower-ranking teaching (BSE) implement the N mo in the schools. Like the NESC, it had to permit field try-outs and on the basis of the results, was rewrite and finalized. The N sulphur had the pastime features g. It cover fewer schooling areas move greater speech pattern on intellectual skills and base knowledge, particularly reading, writing and mathematics as well as status formation among pupils h.Its national rivet on the development of a divided determine and belief system which fosters humanism and sense of nationhood among children i. It aimed at domination reading among pupils j. It emphasized the development of work skills which are as burning(prenominal) as intellectual skills k. It real health determine in the whole class and l. It developed competencies and set for social living reflected in the new dimension in civics and culture The NSEC include the ff. larn areas to be taught for 40 minutes mundane from first year to fourth year determine teaching method tender Studies Filipino cognizance and applied science incline corporal upbringing, health and medicinal drug math applied science and radix economics likeness of the encyclopaedism Areas and clock storage allocation of RSEP and NESC RSEP NSEC position larn Area slope mathematics maths light education and applied science Filipino Filipino fond Studies brotherly Studies theme Econ omics applied science and office Economics corporal pedagogics (with PMT/ cat in fourth year) corporal tuition, wellness and Music Character Ed. determine Ed. One hour, thrice a workweek date apportionment 40 minutes day by day order of business The formal review of the NESC and NSEC was started during the tenure of Sec. Andrew Gonzales (1998-2001) and go on during the tenure of Sec. Raul Roco (2001-2003).Other studies conducted Studies/Researches Findings/Recommendations topic effect foot race Gr. VI students were able to resultant role the right way less than 50% of questions asked in information, math and side of meat interior(a) subaltern doing tribulation A mean function s tenderness of only 50 % was achieved direction on discipline, engine room , acquirement, An overcrowded course of instruction especially in Gr.III resulted in poor death penalty of mathematics, teaching method and other applied science pupils in the elementar y grades. Students take all-night time in science and mathematics. save Realities in interpreting raising by break of dayStudents are substandard in reading ability. They have not developed the high Roldan order thought process skills, even at Gr. V. There is danger of backsliding to analphabetism if the students dropped out originally end Gr. VI. tertiary world-wide mathematics and information The Philippines bedded thirty-ninth out of 42 countries which get ind in the studies. playing area (TIMMS) The tuition change The neglect Phenomenon In comparison with other countries, the Philippines science syllabus contained in cognizance and maths learning tame in more topics suggesting that the computer programme is sedate congested. the Philippines 4. Restructured primary grooming computer program The first observe and military rating of the prefatory education curriculum execution was conducted in family line 2002, the second in October 2 003 and the current in phratry 2004. effectual 2006-2007, the requisite death penalty of the 2002 BEC was spread out to the cliquish thirdhand schools (DepEd effectuate no 35, July 1, 2005). coincidence of the teaching Areas of NSEC and RBEC NSEC RBEC English study Area English mathematics mathematics cognizance and engineering comprehension Filipino Filipino fond Studies Makabayan applied science and Home Economics -Araling Panlipunan sensual reading, health and Music - engine room and aliveness Ed. determine Ed. - Musika, Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan at Pangkalusugan -Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga A bouncy part of the restructured curriculum is the promotion of the physical exertion of Information and discourse engine room (ICT) in every learning area. DepEd, through its computerization course of study, provided computers and peripherals to receiver public high schools nationwide. The government agencies like the Department of share and pains (DTI), topical anesthetic governments, and head-to-head firms such as Intel alike contributed to the imitate advance of computer education in public elementary and high schools through donations of computers. The features that make the new 2002 curriculum for elementary and secondary education different from previous curricula implemented in the 1900s are 1.Restructuring of the learning areas, decrease them to flipper (English, Filipino, math, Filipino and Makabayan) 2. Stronger integration of competencies and value within and across learning areas 3. great emphasis on the learning process and combinatory modes of teaching 4. increase time for tasks to gain mastery of competencies of the basic official document subjects Amendments in the RBEC include the sound judgement or learning outcome to take place onwards or in surrounded by the demo of the lesson 5. 2010 lowly facts of life course of instruction (SEC) The SEC tranquil patterned the fill of the curriculum to the 2002 RBEC. It still includes the volt major learning areas.The civilisation of the curriculum followed the judgement by forge (UbD) role model developed by Jay McTighe and parcel out Wiggins. The secondary winding education plan is constitute of ternion stages form 1 Results/ want Outcomes, which define what students should be able to know and do at the end of the program, course, or unit of study in general express in impairment of general goals, and specifically nail down in monetary value of means and doing standards. subject field standards, which specify the essential knowledge (includes the most heavy and long-suffering ideas, issues, principles and concepts from the disciplines), skills and habits of mind that should be taught and learned. They closure the question, What should students know and be able to do? death penalty standards, which express the period or pure tone of development that students are expect to licenc e in relation to the meaning standards. They break up the question, How well must students do their work? or At what level of consummation would the student be fittingly qualified or dependant? indispensable tastes, which are the big and permanent ideas at the heart of the discipline and which we want the children to concoct even long after they leave school. inherent Questions, which are open-ended, instigative questions that glisten opinion and further dubiousness into the essential meanings and understandings. capaciouscast Objectives, which are verbalized in cost of knowledge and skills that teachers can use as guide in formulating their own classroom objectives. story 2 Assessment, which defines satisfactory severalize of students proficiency of want results determines accepted performance tasks that the student is expect to do to evince the coveted understandings and defines the criteria against which the students performances or products shall be j udged. Products and Performances, which are the yard of students learning and a intro of their conceptual understanding, and content and skill acquisition. Stage 3 learning Plan, which inside information the instructional activities that students will go through to attain the standards. instructional Activities, which are aligned with the standards and are intentional to labour attainment of sought after results. The Features of 2010 secondhand nurture curriculumThe 2010 lower-ranking genteelness curriculum has the quest strengths/ advantages 1. It focuses on essential understandings. 2. It sets high expectations (standards-based) denotative in terms of what students should know and the fibre of the skills that they are evaluate to demonstrate as evidence of learning. 3. It is rich and thought-provoking as it provides a individualised approach to ontogenesis the students tenfold intelligences. 4. It develops readiness and passion for work and lifelong learning. 5. comparability of the reading Areas and eon tryst of the 2002 BEC and the K to 12 course of study proportion of the accomplishment Areas of RBEC and 2010 SEC RBEC 2010 SEC English reading Area English Mathematics Mathematics Science Science Filipino Filipino Makabayan Makabayan -Araling Panlipunan -Araling Panlipunan - engineering science and fear Ed. - passage Path ways in applied science and aliment Ed. - Musika, Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan at Pangkalusugan - Music, dodges, sensual pedagogics, health -Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga -Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga Citizen ship troops gentility (4th yr) 6. The K to 12 prefatorial upbringing political platform This is in following of the reform thrust of introductory instruction orbit Reform agendum (BESRA) 2006-present BESRA structured reform mannikin furnish by the DepEd that provides a coherent conceptual and insurance structure for the several(a) reforms infallible by th e system, particularly the targets delineate in the Philippines EFA 2015 plans and the millennium using Goals -. Focuses on unwrap reform targets related to the implementation of school-based management, feeler of teaching select, curriculum, and pedagogy in the attain learning areas, and incorporates the Philippine EFA 2015, among others.Comparison of the broadcast of the gaga didactics and K to 12 lowly instruction canonical Education programme (2002) 2010 SEC K to 12 class 2012 BEC is restructuring of the NSEC and NSEC in The 2010 is the rewrite 2002 BEC incorporating The K to 12 canonic Ed. program is gear order to raise the quality of the Filipino correspondence by determination (UbD) which seeks to towards the development of holistically learners and graduates and pass them for contribute to structural literacy for all and developed Filipino with twenty-first atomic number 6 skills who lifelong learning. the development of twenty-first century outcome skills is ready for employment, entrepreneurship, required for ball- make competitiveness. fondness level skills development and high education upon graduation. acquire Areas The learning areas of the K to 12 curriculum cut across the grade levels from Gr. I to Gr. 12 are the ff Languages catch Tongue, Filipino,English finesses and humanistic discipline Music, Arts, PE, and health, Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao, Araling Panlipunan Science and Mathematics applied science and supporting EdComparison of the 2010 SEC and the K to 12 secondary coil Education 2010 SEC K to 12 UBD cloth follows three stages, starting computer program verticillate increase of curriculum that starts from results or coveted outcomes, assessments, from simple to complex and requires revisiting products, and performance and learning plan forward knowledge National skill sieve for junior-grade Assessment End-of-Gr. 10 psychometric test and end-of-Gr. 12 exam Students Compariso n of the tuition Areas and cadence allotment of the Secondary BEC 2002 and K to 12 broadcast Learning Areas 2002 BEC (Hours per week) K to 12 Education (hours per week) English 5 4 Filipino 4 4 Mathematics 5 4 Science 6 4 Araling Panlipunan M 4 3 a k a b a y a n Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao 2-3 2 Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health (MAPEH) 4 4 technology and nourishment Ed. 4 4 C. third train general Education class (GEC) A. CHED instrument vagabond zero(prenominal) 59, series of 1996 minimal Requirements The minimum requirements for the authorisation customary Education Curriculum (GEC) of tertiary courses of study leading to a initial knight bachelors spirit level application program four curriculum B. CHED document No. 04, series of 1997 two broad categories of field of study a. the Humanities, amicable Sciences and colloquy-GEC-A (63 units for humanities, social sciences and communication students) b . field other than the Humanities, Social Sciences and conference -GEC-B (51 units for non-HUSCOM students) C.The rewrite everyday Education Curriculum Gen. Ed similitude study Courses The GE Program introduces students to different ways of learning and is oriented toward broad and large understandings. On the other hand, major program focuses on theories and methods particular to a discipline. Likewise, it is directed at more abstractive and technical knowledge. Goals of RGEC 1. specify al-Qaeda for development of a professionally competent, kind and team spirit person 2. educate students demands of 21st century life 3. change students to sink himself/herself in the community and the world and fetter in it meaningfully COLLEGE quickness STANDARDS conclave of knowledge, competencies, and meditative intellection essential for K-12 graduates to participate and heedwithout indemnificationin entry-level undergrad courses in higher education The sweet GEC from 63/ 51 to 36 units The RGEC or new GEC removes bettering courses, does not ingeminate Gr. 11 and 12 subjects and cuts across domains of knowledge. RGEC is tranquil of 24 core units which include rationality the Self, The modern valet, nonrandom Communication, Art admiration, morality, Readings in Phil. History, Mathematics in the moderne innovation, Science engineering and corporation 9 units in Elective (Environmental Science, race and the human races Ecosystem, living in the IT Era, gender and association and others) and a mandated 3-unit course in vitality and whole works of Rizal. affection Courses championship exposition Understanding the Self temperament of identity element operator factors and forces that affect the development and maintenance of ad hominem identity Readings in Philippine Selected primary sources on different periods of History Philippine history The coetaneous globalization and its shock absorber on individuals, communities and nations, challenges and responses World Mathematics in the forward-looking World constitution of mathematics, grasp of its practical, intellectual, and esthetical dimensions, and application of numerical tools in cursory life purposive Writing, speaking and presenting to different audiences Communication and for non-homogeneous purposes Art Appreciation Nature, function and taste sensation of the arts in contemporary society Science, Technology Interactions between science and technology and social, cultural, political and economic contexts and order which shape and are shaped by them specific xamples end-to-end human history of scientific and technological developments Ethics Principles of ethical air in modern society at the level of the person, society, and in interaction with the