Ap Psychology Review Packet Essay Example for Free

Ap Psychology Review Packet EssayAbsolute Thresholdthe minimum input signal needed to ferret out a sectionicular stimulus 50% of the time. 2. Accommodationthe process by which the midsections lens changes shape to focus skillful or far epitomes on the retina. 3. Acetylcholineneurotransmitter that enables muscle doing, learning and memory board. 4. Achievement Motivationdesire for accomplishment. 5. Achievement Testan exam designed to test what a person has earned. 6. Acoustic Encoding convert of sound, especially words. 7. Acquisitionthe initial branch when unmatchable links a neutral stimulus and an un conditioned stimulus. 8.Action Potentiala neural pulse ordinate a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. 9. Activation Synthesis scheme that REM sleep triggers neural firing that evokes random images, which our sleep fountainhead weaves into stories. 10. Adaptation Level Phenomenon propensity to shape judgements relative to a neutral level defined by o ur previous experience. 11. Adrenal Glandsa pair of ductless gland glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that tending arouse the ashes in times of stress. 12. Algorithma methodical, logical rule that guarantees solving a particular bother. 3. Alpha Wavesthe relatively slow mind-set waves of an awake, relaxed narrate. 14. Amnesialoss of depot. 15. Amphetaminesdrugs that stimulate neural natural process, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. 16. Amygdala dickens lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system linked to emotion. 17. Aphasiaimpairment of language caused by left hemisphere damage to Brocas area, impairing speaking, or Wernickes area, impairing understanding. 18. Applied look forscientific written report that aims to solve practical problems 19.Aptitude Testdesigned to predict a persons future performance. 20. Association force handleareas of the cerebral cerebral cortex that are non involved in uncreated or centripetal(prenominal) functions but in higher noetic functions. 21. Associative Learninglearning that certain circumstances everywherehaul together. 22. machine rifle touch onun certified encoding of incidental information. 23. Autonomic Nervous Systemthe part of the circumferential anxious(p) system that sustains the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. 24. Availability Heuristicestimating the likeliness of events ground on their availability in depot. 5. Axonthe extension of a neuron, ending in parting terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles and glands. 26. B. F. Skinnera leading airist rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior. 27. Babbling Stagebegins at 4 months stage of speech phylogenesis in which infant spontaneously utters various sounds. 28. Barbituatesdrugs that press down the activity of the central scatter championed system,reducing anxietybut impairing shop and jud gement. 29. Basal Metabolic pointbodys stay puting rate of energy expenditure. 30.Basic Researchpure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base 31. Behavior Geneticsthe study of the relative mogul and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. 32. Behavioral Medicineintegrates behavioral and medical knowledge to apply to health and disease. 33. Behaviorismthe view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental process. 34. Belief Perseveranceclinging to ones initial conceptions aft(prenominal) the basis has been discredited. 35. Binocular Cuesdepth cues such as retinal dissimilitude that depend on using both eyeball. 36.Bio-Feedbackelectronically recorduroying, amplifying and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state. 37. Biological Psychologya branch of psychology concerned with the links amidst biology and behavior. 38. Biopsychosocial Approachan integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. 39. Blind Spotthe point at which the optic hardihood leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there. 40. Bottom-Up touch onanalysis that starts with the sensorial receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information. 1. Brocas Areacontrols language expression area of the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere. 42. Cannon-Baird Theoryemotion arousing stimulus triggers physiological response and subjective experience of emotion. 43. Case Studyan observational technique in which one person id studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. 44. Central Nervous Systemthe brain and spinal cord. 45. Cerebellumthe little brain at the rear of the brainstem processes sensory input and coordinates action output and balance. 46.Cerebral Cortexthe intricate fabric of join neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres the bodys ultimate con trol and information-processing center. 47. Change blindnessfailing to notice changes in the environment 48. Charles Darwinargued that natural selection shapes behaviors as swell as bodies. 49. Chunkingorganizing items into familiar, manageable units often occurs automatically. 50. Circadian Rhythmthe biological clock regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle 51. guileless Conditioningone learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate future events. 2. Clinical Psychologya branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats psychological disorders. 53. Cochleaa coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger neural impulses. 54. Cochlear Implantdevice for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded through the cochlea. 55. CognitionMental activities associated with persuasion, knowing, remembering and communicating. 56. Cognitive Mapmental representation of the layou t of ones environment. 57.Cognitive Neurosciencethe interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition. 58. Cognitive Perspectivehow we encode, process, store, and retrieve information. 59. Color Constancyperceiving familiar objects as having consistent color any if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object. 60. complemental Alternative Medicineunproven healthcare treatments intended to supplement conventional medicine. 61. Conditioned Reinforcera stimulus that gains reinforcing power through its association with the primary reinforcer. 62.Conditioned Responsethe learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. 63. Conditioned stimulant drugan originally irrelevant stimulus that, aft(prenominal) association with US, triggers a response. 64. Conduction Hearing tone endinghearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. 65. Conesretinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and function in daylight of well-lit conditions. 66. Confirmation Biasa tendency to search for information that backs ones own beliefs. 67. Consciousnessour awareness of ourselves and our environment. 68.Content grimnessextent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest, 69. Continuous payoffreinforcing a desired response every time it occurs. 70. Control Groupthe grouping that is not exposed to the treatment in an experiment. 71. Copingalleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods. 72. Corpus Callosumaxon fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. 73. Correlationa amount of money of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. 74. Correlation Coefficienta statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) 75. counselor-at-law Psychologya branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well- beingness. 76. Critical Thinkingthinking that does not blindly give arguments and conclusions. 77. Culturethe enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one culture to the next. 78. Delta Wavesthe large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. 79. Dendritethe bushy, branchy extensions of a neuron that receive message and conduct impulses towards the cell body. 0. Dependent Variablethe outcome factor the variable that may change in response to the use of goods and services of the independent variable. 81. Depressantsdrugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. 82. Difference Thresholdthe minimum difference between stimuli required for keepion 50% of the time. 83. inequalitylearned ability to distinguish between CS and stimuli that do not signal a US. 84. Dissociationa split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. 85.Dopamineneurotransmitter that influences moveme nt, learning, attention and emotion. 86. Double-Blind Procedurean observational procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant as to whether the group has received a treatment or a designatebo. 87. Drive-Reduction Theoryphysiological need creates an aroused tension state, a drive, that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. 88. Dual touchthe principle that information is simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks 89. Echoic entrepotmomentary sensory memory of an auditory stimuli. 0. excitement (MDMA)a synthetic stimulant and a mild hallucinogen. Produces Euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurans and to mood and cognition. 91. Edward Titchenerfather of structuralism. 92. Effortful Processingencoding that requires attention and conscious effort. 93. Electroencephalogram (EEG)an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that s weep a print the brains surface. 94. Emotionresponse of the whole organism involving psychological arousal, communicative behavior and conscious experience. 95.Emotion-Focused CopingAttempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs relating to ones stress. 96. Encodingthe processing of information into the memory system by extracting meaning. 97. Endocrine Systemthe bodys slow chemic communication system a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. 98. Endorphinsmorphine within natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to hurt control and to pleasure. 99. Environmentevery non-genetic influence. 100. ESPclaim that perception depose occur apart from sensory input. 101.Estrogenthe primary female bring up hormone. 102. evolutionary Psychologythe study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. 103. Experimenta research method in which an investigator manipulates one of more fa ctors to travel along the effect on some behavior or mental process. 104. Experimental Groupthe group that is exposed to the treatment in an experiment. 105. Explicit depotmemory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare stored in hippocampus. 106. Extinctiondiminishing of CR occurs in classical conditions when US does not follow CS. 07. adscititious Motivationdesire to perform to receive rewards or avoid punishment. 108. Factor Analysisa statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items, called factors, on a test. 109. run al al just about Detectorsnerve cells in the brain that act to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement. 110. Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenatendency to be assistantful when already in a good mood. 111. Figure-Groundorganization of visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings. 112. Fixationinability to see a problem from a sunrise(prenominal) perspective. 113.Fixed-Interval Schedule livelihood schedule that reinforces a response only after a stipulate amount of time has e passd. 114. Fixed-Ratio Schedulereinforcement schedule that reinforces only after specified number of responses. 115. Flashbulb Memorya clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. 116. Flowa completely involved, focused state of consciousness resulting from optimal engagements of ones skills. 117. fMRIa technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity shows brain function. 118. Foveathe central focal point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster. 19. Framingthe modal value an issue is posed. 120. Fraternal Twinstwins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no close together(predicate) than a buddy or sister. 121. Frequencythe number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time. 122. Frequency Theoryin hearing, the theory that the rate of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the freque ncy of a tone, thus enable us to sense its pitch. 123. Freuds Wish-fulfillmenttheory that dreams provide a psychical safety valve for expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings. 124.Frontal Lobes ascribe of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead involved in speaking, muscles movement, making plans and judgement. 125. available Fixednessthe tendency to think of things only in their usual function. 126. Functionalisma school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish. 127. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)a study inhibitory neurotransmitter. 128. Gate-Control Theorytheory that spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass to the brain. 29. Gender Identityour sense of being male or female. 130. Gender Rolea set of expectations for either males or females. 131. Gender typewritethe acquisition of a traditional male or female role. 132. General Adap tation SyndromeSelyes concept of bodys adaptive response to stress alarm, resistance, exhaustion. 133. General Intelligence cosmopolitan intelligence factor, according to Spearman, underlies specific mental abilities and is handbilld by every task on an intelligence test. 134. Generalizationtendency after response has been conditioned for similar stimuli to elicit similar responses. 135.Genomethe complete instructions for making an organism. 136. Gestaultorganized whole tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. 137. Glial Cellscells in the offensive system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. 138. Glutamatea major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory. 139. Groupingperceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups based on proximity, similarity, doggedness and connectedness. 140. Hallucinationsfalse sensory experiences. 141. Hallucinogensdrugs taht distort perception and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. 14 2.Health Psychologysub-field of psychology provides psychologys contribution to behavioral medicine. 143. Heritabilitythe equaliser of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. 144. Heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to bring forth strategies and solve problems quickly. 145. Hierarchy of NeedsMazlows pyramid of human needs begins with physiological needs which must be met before higher finishs can be attained. 146. Higher-Order Conditioningprocedure where conditioned stimulus in one experience is paired with a parvenu, neutral stimulus, creating a new Conditioned Stimulus. 47. Hindsight Biasthe tendency to believe that, after learning the outcome, one would book foreseen it. 148. Hippocampusa neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage. 149. Homeostasistendency to maintain a state of balance. 150. Hormoneschemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine gland glands. 151. Hu ethe dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of the light. 152. Humanistic Psychologyhistorically significant perspective that evince the growth potential of healthy people and the individuals potential for personal growth. 53. Hypothalamusa neural structure lying below the thalamus it directs several(prenominal) maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system, and is linked to emotion and reward. 154. Hypothesisa testable prediction. 155. Iconic Memorya momentary sensory memory of a visual stimuli a photographic memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. 156. Identical Twinstwins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, creating two genetically identical organisms. 157. Illusory correlationthe perception of a relationship where none exists. 158.Implicit Memoryretention independent of conscious recollection stored in cerebellum. 159. Inattentional Blindnessfailing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewh ere 160. Incentivea positive or negative environmental stimulus. 161. Independent Variablethe experimental factor which is directly manipulated. 162. Industrial Organizational Psychologyusing psychological concepts to optimize behavior in work places. 163. Information Processingtheory that dreams help us sort out the days events and consolidate our memories. 164. Infradian Rhythmlong-term cycle greater than a day 65. Inner Earthe inner most part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. 166. Insightsudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem. 167. Insomniarecurring problems in falling or staying asleep. 168. Instincta complex behavior rigidly patterned throughout the species and is unlearned. 169. Intensitythe amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we can grasp as brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude. 170. Interactionthe interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor depends on another(prenomin al). 171.Interneuronsneurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and the motor outputs. 172. Intrinsic Motivationdesire to perform for its own sake. 173. Intuitioneffortless, immediate feeling or thought. 174. Irisa ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. 175. James-Lange Theoryemotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. 176. Kinesthesissystem for sensing the position and movement of individual body movements. 77. potential Contentaccording to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream. 178. Latent Learninglearning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. 179. Law of EffectThorndikes principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences work more likely and behaviors followed by negative consequences become less likely. 180. Lensthe transparent structure behin d the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina. 181. Lesiondestruction of the brain tissue. 182. Levels of Analysisthe differing complementary views for analyzing any iven phenomenon. 183. Limbic Systemneural system located below the cerebral hemispheres associated with emotions and drives. 184. Lingusitic DeterminismWhorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think. 185. Long-Term Memoryrelatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. 186. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)increase in synapse-s firing potential after rapid stimulation the neural basis for learning and memory. 187. LSDa powerful hallucinogenic drug alsdo know as acid. 188. Lymphocytesthe two types of white blood cells that are part of the immune system. 189.Manifest Contentaccording to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream. 190. Meanthe arithmetic average of a distribution. 191. Medianthe middle score in a distribution. 192. Medullathe base of the brainstem controls he artbeat and breathing. 193. Mental Agemeasure of test performance devised by Binet chronological age that typically correlates with a given age. 194. Mental Settendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often one that has been successful. 195. Methamphetaminea strongly addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system and appears to drop base dopamine levels over time. 96. Middle Earthe chamber between the eardrum and the cochlea containing trey tiny bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochleas oval window. 197. Mirror Neuronsfrontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when performing another doing so this may enable imitation or empathy. 198. Misinformation Effectincorporating misleading information into ones memory. 199. Mnemonicsmemory aids. 200. Modethe most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution. 201. castobserving and imitating a specific behavior. 202.Monocular Cuesdepth cue s available to either eye alone. Includes relative height, relative size, interposition, linear perspective, light and shadow, and relative motion. 203. Mood Congruent Memorytendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current mood. 204. Morphemethe smallest unit that carries meaning. 205. Motivationa need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. 206. Motor Cortexan area at the rear if the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. 207. Motor Neuronsneurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. 208.MRIa technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. 209. Mutationa random error in gene replication that leads to a change. 210. Myelin Sheatha story of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons enables vastly greater transmission speed. 211. Narcolepsya sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may l apse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. 212. Natural Selectioninherited trait variations contributing to survival and reproduction pull up stakes be passed on to succeeding generations. 13. Naturalistic Observationobserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation. 214. Nature-Nurture issuecontroversy over contributions of genes vs. experience 215. Near-death Experiencean altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death often similar to drug-induced hallucinations. 216. Negative Reinforcementincreasing behaviors by stopping a negative stimuli. 217. Neo-Freudian Theorytheory that dreams can be used as a coping mechanism to sess with past events. 218.Nervesbundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs. 219. Nervous systemthe bodys speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve ce lls of the peripheral and central nervous systems. 220. Neurogenesisthe formation of new neurons. 221. Neurona nerve cell the basic building block of he nervous system. 222. Neurotransmitterschemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. 223. Night Terrorsa sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified. 24. Norepinephrineneurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal. 225. convention Curvea symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data. 226. Observational Learninglearning by observing others. 227. Occipital Lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head includes areas that receive information from the visual fields 228. One-Word Stagefrom age 1 to 2 when a child speaks in single words. 229. Operant BehaviorBehavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. 230.Operant Chambera chamber / Skinner Box containing a bar that an animal can manipulate to obtain water or food. 231. Operant Conditioningtype of learning in which behavior is strengthened followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher. 232. Operational Definitiona statement of the procedures used to define research variables. 233. Opiatesopium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin they reduce neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. 234. Opponent-Process Theorythe theory that opposing retinal processes (red- cat valium, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. 35. Optic Nervethe nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. 236. Organizational Psychologypart of IO Psychology examines psychological influences o worker satisfaction and productivity. 237. Overconfidencetendency to be more confident than correct. 238. Parallel Processingthe processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously. 239. Parapsychologystudy of paranormal phenomena. 240. Parasympathetic Nervous Systemthe division of the autonomi c nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. 241. Parathyroidshelp regulate the level of calcium in the blood 242.Parietal Lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top/rear of the head receives sensory input for touch and body position. 243. Partial/Intermittent ReinforcementReinforcing a response only part of the time. 244. Perceptionthe process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. 245. Perceptual Adaptationin vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field. 246. Perceptual Setmental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. 247.Peripheral Nervous Systemthe sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. 248. Personnel Psychologyfocuses on recruitment, selection and placement of employees. 249. PET Scana visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. 250. Phonemethe smallest distinctive sound unit. 251. Physical Dependencea physiological need for a drug, marked by dreadful withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued 252. Pitcha tones experienced highness or lowness depends on frequency. 53. Pituitary Glandthe endocrine gland systems most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. 254. Place Theoryin hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated. 255. Placebo Effectexperimental results caused by expectation alone. 256. Plasticitythe brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage of by building new pathways based on experience 257. Polygraphlie detector machine measures responses to emotion. 58. Ponspart of the brainstem that helps coordinate movements. 259. Populationall the cases in a group being studied, from whi ch samples can be drawn. 260. Positive Reinforcementincreasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli. 261. Posthypnotic Suggestiona suggestion, made during a hypnotic session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized. 262. Predictive Validitythe success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict. 263. Primary Reinforceran innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. 264.Primingthe activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception, memory, or response. 265. Pro-Social Behaviorpositive, constructive behavior. 266. Proactive Interferencethe disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. 267. Problem-Focused Copingattempting to alleviate stress by changing the stressor or how we interact with that stressor. 268. Prototypea mental image or best example of a category. 269. Pshchological Dependencea psychological need to use a drug, such as to reliev e negative emotions. 270. abnormal psychologya branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders. 271. Psychoactive Druga chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods. 272. Psychodynamic Perspectivehow behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts 273. Psychologythe study of behavior and mental processes. 274. Psychoneuroeimmunologystudy of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect the immune system. 275. Psychophysicsthe study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. 276.Psychophysiological Illnessmind-body infirmity any stress-related physical illness, including hypertension. 277. Pupilthe adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. 278. Random Assignmentassigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between the two groups. 279. Random Samplea sample that fairly represents a given population. 280. RangeThe difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. 281. Recallmeasure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier. 82. Recognitionmeasure of memory in which the person only identifies items previously learned. 283. Reflexa simple, autonomic response to a sensory stimulus. 284. Rehearsalconscious repetition of information, either for maintenance or encoding. 285. Reinforceran event that strengthens behavior. 286. Relative Deprivationperception that one is worse off relative to those you compare yourself to. 287. Relearninga measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. 288. Reliabilityextent to which a test yields consistent results. 89. REM Reboundthe tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation. 290. REM sleeprapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. 291. Replicationrep eating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic findings extend to other participants and circumstances. 292. Representativeness Heuristicjudging the likeliness of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes. 293. Respondent Behavioroccurs as automatic response to some stimulus. 294.Reticular Formationa nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. 295. Retinathe light-sensitive inner surface of the eye. 296. Retinal Disparitya binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing the images of the retinas from the two eyes. 297. Retrievalprocess of getting information out of storage. 298. Retroactive Interferencethe disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. 299. Reuptakea neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron. 300. Rodsretinal receptors that detect black, white and gray. 301.Savant Syndromecondition in which a person is limited in mental ability but has exceptional specific skill. 302. Scatterplotsa graphed cluster of dots, the slope of which helps predict the direction of the relationship between the two variables. 303. Selective Attentionthe focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimuli 304. Semantic Encodingencoding of meaning. 305. Semanticsset of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences. 306. Sensationthe process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. 07. Sensorineural Hearing Losshearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerves. Also called nerve deafness. 308. receptive Adaptationdiminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. 309. Sensory Cortexarea at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. 310. Sensory Interactionprinciple that one sense may influence another smell of food influences its taste. 311. Sensory Memory immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory. 12. Sensory Neuronsneurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. 313. Serial Position Effectthe tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. 314. Serotoninneurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal. 315. Set Pointthe point where someones weight thermostat. 316. Shapingan operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer to the desired behavior. 317. Short-Term Memoryactivated memory that holds a few items briefly. 318.Sigmund FreudAustrian neurologists who founded psychoanalysis. 319. Signal Detection Theorya theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background noise. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a persons experience, expectations, motivation and level of fatigue. 320. Sleep Apneaa sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. 321. Social Leadershipgroup orientated leadership that builds teamwork and offers support. 322.Social Learning Theorythe theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished. 323. Social-cultural Perspectivehow behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures 324. Somatic Nervous Systemthe division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the bodys skeletal muscles. 325. Source Amnesiaattributing the wrong source to an event we have experienced at the heart of many false memories. 326. Spacing Effecttendency for distributed study or practice to yield better retention that massed study or practice. 327.Split Braina condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them. 328. Spontaneous RecoveryReappearance after a pause of an extinguished CR. 329. Standard Deviationa c omputed measure of how much the scores vary around the mean score. 330. Stanford-Binetwidely used American decree of Binets original intelligence test. 331. Statistical Significancea statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. 332. Stereotype Threatself-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on negative stereotypes. 333.Stimulantsdrugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. 334. Storageretention of encoded information. 335. Stresshow we perceive and respond to stressors that we appraise as threatening or challenging. 336. Structuralisman early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural segments of the human mind. 337. Structured Interviews enquire the same questions of all applicants and rating on the standard scale. 338. Subjective Well-Beingself-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. 339. Subliminalbelow ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness. 340.Surveya techniq ue for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes of behaviors of a group. 341. Sympathetic Nervous Systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. 342. Synapsethe alignment between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. 343. Syntaxrules for combining words into sensible sentences. 344. Task Leadershipgoal oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes leadership and focuses on goals. 345. Telegraphic Speechearly speech stage where child speaks like a telegram uses nouns and verbs. 46. Temporal Lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying above the ears receives auditory information 347. Testosteronethe most important of male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. 348. Thalamusthe brains se nsory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. 349. THCthe major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. 350.Theoryan explanation that organizes behavior and predicts future outcomes. 351. Thresholdthe level of stimulation demand to trigger a neural impulse. 352. Thyroid Glandaffects metabolism, among other things 353. Tolerancethe diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the substance abuser to take larger and larger doses of the drug before experiencing the drugs effects. 354. Top-Down Processinginformation processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. 55. Transductionconversion of one form of energy into another. 356. Two_Word Stagebeginning at age 2 child speaks in 2 word statements. 357. Two-Factor Theorycalled Schachter-Singer Theory to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively la bel the arousal. 358. quality Acompetitive, hard-driving, impatient. 359. Type Beasy-going, relaxed people. 360. Ultradian Rhythmshort-term cycle less than a day 361. Unconditioned Responsethe unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus. 362.Unconditioned Stimulusa stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response. 363. Validityextent to which a test measures what its supposed to measure. 364. Variable-Interval Schedulereinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after random number of responses. 365. Variable-Ratio Schedulereinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. 366. Vestibular Sensesense of body movement and position including balance. 367. Visual Clifflab device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. 368.Visual Encodingencoding of picture images. 369. Watson and Rayner renowned for their Little Albert experiment. 370. Wavelengththe distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. 371. Webers Lawthe principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage. 372. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scalemost widely used intelligence test contains literal and non-verbal sub-tests. 373. Wernickes Areacontrols language reception a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression in left temporal lobe. 74. Wilhelm Wundtknown as father of experimental psychology established the first psychology laboratory. 375. Withdrawalthe discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. 376. Working Memorya newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory. 377. X-Chromosomethe sex chromosome found in both men and women. 378. Y-Chromosomethe sex chromosome found only in men. 379.Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theorythe theory that the retina contains three different color receptors red, green and blue. absolute threshold The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. 2. accommodation The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. 3. accommodations Adapting ones current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. 4. acetylcholine A neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers muscle contraction. 5. acoustic encoding The encoding of sounds, especially the sound of words. . acquisition The initial stage in classical conditioning the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. 7. action potential A neural impulse a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axons membrane. 8. activation synthesis hypothesis Theory to describe dreaming that explains dreaming as being random neural activity hat the brain tries to make sense of. 9. acuity The Sharpness of vision. 10. addictionsdependency to drugs comes about from potentially one use of the substance were the body can build up dependence to the substance. 11. adolescence The mutation period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. 12. adrenal glands A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (nonadrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress. 13. ll or nothing law Increasing the stimulus above the threshold will not increase the action potential intensity. The neurons action is an all or nothing response it either will fire or it will not. The strength of the stimulus does not effect action potentials speed. 14. of import waves The relativel y slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. 15. alzheimers disease A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, lastly physical functioning. 16. amnesia The loss of memory 17. mygdala Two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion. 18. assimilation Interpreting ones new experience in terms of ones existing schemas. 19. association areas Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. 20. associative learning Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). 1. attachment An emotional tie with another person shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing d istress on separation. 22. audition The sense of hearing 23. automatic nervous system The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses its parasympathetic division calms. 24. automatic processing Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. 25. xon The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. 26. barbiturates Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement. 27. basiler membranewithin the cochlea of the inner ear is a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani. 28. behavioral genetics The study of the relative power and limits of g enetic and environmental influences on behavior. 29.Behavioral Psychologya branch of psychology that focuses on how we learn from observable responses. An individuals response to different environment stimuli shapes our behaviors. 30. BehaviorismThe view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree that psychology should be an objective science but do not think that it should be without reference to mental processes. 31. behaviorism The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.For example, intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. 193. opiates Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. 194. opponent-process theory The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, whit e-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green 195. optic nerve The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. 96. parallel processing The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. 197. parallel processing The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscience problem solving. 198.Parasympathetic nervous system The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. 199. parietal lobes The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the he ad and toward the rear includes the sensory cortex. 200. Peripheral nervous system The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. 201. PET A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. 202. Phenotype An organisms physical characteristics is its phenotype.