Trust in E - Commerce Essay Example for Free

impudence in E transaction EssayIntroductionThe composition of this essay en self-assertion concentrate on the topic round Trust in E- concern. Hence, this would focus in rendering a clear understanding on how such(prenominal) invest in E barter would work in the genuine practice of electronic business. The completion of this essay is up to provide general cultivation well-nigh the importance of cartel in E profession. In addition to this, it result give an unmingled rationale in the primary functions of swan in actual practice of business in E employment. Moreover, this paper holds on the purpose of providing comprehensive details on affirm in E Commerce.The following will be discussed1. A Brief Back Ground Trust in Online environment2. Importance of Trust in E Commerce3. Major Risks in E-commerce4. Arguments, Issues and MoreAt the end of the paper, its goal includes determining the importance of trust in the practice of E Commerce. Nevertheless, this essa y would work to tackle prominent issues about E Commerce with regard to trust.The Definition of Trust in an Online EnvironmentSingh (1996) differentiates between two types of trust, which is that of fruity trust and heavily trust. Under the concept of soft trust, the important elements are that which involve human psychology, brand loyalty, and user-friendliness (Bollier 1996 21 as cited in Singh 1996 145). On the other hand, that of hard trust has factors, which involve authenticity, encryption, and security in transactions (Bollier 1996 21 as cited in Singh 1996 145).There is distinction that is to be made between the two that is the main reason for its separation. However, both sets of factors enable the users to gather in a sense of trust in a virtual environment where the virtual characteristic of the online environment has produced uncertainties.Likewise, it is to be noted that the factors included for the soft trust involves those which are relative to the customers and are proposes where the online environment interacts with the users. These are the things, which are related to the client and would alter from every user. On the other hand, those elements under the form of hard trust leans towards those characteristics of the online environment which the users look for and which the different graphic symbolicipants in the online environment should provide and possess in order for trust to be built.Moreover, Sutherland and Tan (2004) define trust as the element of the users that allow them to be vulnerable and take risks. It results to their acceptance of both the positive and negative consequences of their use of the online environment. The level for such may vary from one person to another depending on the elements of hard and soft trust placed to a higher place.Figure 1. E-Commerce Diagram for Secure TransactionsImportance of Trust in E CommerceTrust in a sense has always been authoritative aspect in insideng business (The Importance of Tr ust and Credibility n.d.). Hence, establishing trust and credibility is a helpful way to gain the confidence of consumers or the customers (The Importance of Trust and Credibility n.d.). In sales, establishment of such trust is an in effect(p) way to reach higher rate of sale (The Importance of Trust and Credibility n.d.). Likewise, trust and credibility is significant in building firm kin with consumers and attract potential customers or buyers in the future (The Importance of Trust and Credibility n.d.).The E-commerce is a type of a socio-technical system in exchanging business information and information, upholding business relationships, and accomplishing business transactions through the used of telecommunications networks (E Commerce Relationships n.d ). In literature, trust is commonly characterized as the confidence or predictability in individuals potentials (Pavlou n.d ) and the confidence or faith in others goodwill (Trust in electronic Environment n.d.).In the practi ce of E Commerce, trust is considered to be the focal point of creating a firm relationship with the clients or the consumer (E Commerce Relationships n.d.). This is ascribable to the fact that in such environment the presence of risks, uncertainties, and interdependencies are prevalent (E Commerce Relationships n.d.). Hence, such trust in the field of E Commerce is significant for the fact that it help oneselfs as the key factor in establishing social capital (On-line trust concepts, evolving themes, a model n.d.).In addition to this, trust in E-commerce is important in achieving positive outcomes or results such as improving supplier performance, attaining consumers ecstasy increasing competitive advantages, and other substantial economic achievement (Building E-commerce Trust Applying Usability Principles n.d., eCommerce and the electronics industry n.d.). In citation of these facts and information it is reasonable enough to say that such trust in the field of E Commerce i s proven to be significant and effectual in many ways.Moreover, apart from the conditional relation of trust in E Commerce, it also entails positive benefits. Such reward of trust is measurable in a broader range in E Commerce such as reducing the transaction costs, endorsing advantageous behaviors to attract and limiting the extent of formal contracts (E Commerce Relationships n.d., Egger n.d.). Nonetheless, trust plays a significant role in e-commerce due to the scenarios like lack of physical proximity, inefficiencies in web engine room, anonymity, potential opportunism and lack of control (E Commerce Relationships n.d.).Major Risks in E-commerceWith the speedy development and advantage of technologies, more specifically that of the net profit, it is a fact that this entails a broader range of significant and new opportunities (Hunter n .d.). However, such new opportunities have come with new risks that are commonly not included in the companys actual risk management strat egy (Hunter n .d.).Likewise, the utilization of risk management has been part of the part of the business industry and is widely implemented in such environment (Hunter, n .d.). This is in support of protecting the companys clear assets that are exposed to different perils or risks (Hunter, n .d.). Thus, in the field of E Commerce, such management strategy relies more in the use of technology such as the internet (Hunter, n .d.). Nonetheless, with the arrogate and accorded utilization of such risks management program, possible perils in E Commerce could be addressed hence (Hunter, n .d.).In a sense, it is considered that the possible risks or perils in the field of E Commerce is associated in different detrimental form such as, viruses, hackers and call of credit card numbers used in the transactions over telecommunication lines (Managing Risks in electronic Commerce n.d.). However, such risks in E Commerce could by chance be addressed by gist of utilizing technological adv ances (Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce n.d.).Certainly, in E Commerce, major risks are categorized in three primary areas which are business risks, information risks, and technology risks (Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce n.d.). In a sense, the Information Risks are perils that involve information published and depicted in the web page or sites, which are associated with the manner of e-commerce (Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce n.d.). In addition to this, such category of risk in E Commerce is considered to be the threats that are associated with the mismanagement of vital information such as violation of laws in a devoted state and other countries (Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce n.d.). The Technology risk is defined as the hazard that is associated with the databases, telecommunications, software and hardware (Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce n.d.).Also, these specific risks entails consequences that result to the mismanagement or misuse of technolog y and the utilization of in withdraw technologies in support of addressing the business needs (Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce n.d.). Business risks, on the other hand, are all about the relationship between the customer or consumers and the supplier. Also, this include risks that are associated with products and services, which are marketed and distributed over the Internet (Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce n.d.). In addition to this, such risk in E Commerce also involves the possible risks associated with managerial factors in the business, which includes contractual and personnel matters (Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce n.d.).Furthermore, the risk of Credit Card Fraud is also perceived as one of the detrimental threats or insecurity in E Commerce (Electronic Commerce n.d.). It is believed that such business peril has been in the system ever since credit cards are introduced (Electronic Commerce n.d.).As such, this risk of fraud is anticipated in the business a s far as the credits cards are utilized mainly in the E Commerce transactions (Electronic Commerce n.d.). Likewise, most of the companies involved in the E Commerce industry is considered to be exposed to such risk by means of credit card utilization and losses for such (Electronic Commerce n.d.). By citing the actual process of utilizing the credit card in E Commerce, it is clearly evident that such risk of fraud is prevalent in the business (Electronic Commerce n.d.).However, through the use of simple, but effective, strategies such risks in E Commerce could possibly be addressed (Electronic Commerce n.d.). For instance, the service-establish businesses with returning transactions from recognized client or customers entails a much lower risk of fraud (Electronic Commerce n.d.).Nonetheless, with the appropriate implementation of strategies and utilization of effectual business system, it is a fact that companies in E Commerce could mitigate and prevent the possible risks that a re stated above and gain positive benefits from online businesses such as credit transactions (Electronic Commerce n.d.).Arguments, Issues and MoreJust like any other business industry, the E Commerce also experiences different issues that could be harmful in a sense. From a personal point of view, issues and arguments in business sectors is part of its actual practices. Thus, this could also serve as the valuable source of learning, which could be used for improvement and development of the company. In the industry of E Commerce, it is perceived that the notion of trust is a significant matter that is considered in different issues.Moreover, trust is a notion that everyone clearly understands at a given personal perception (A Thoughtful Approach to web Site Quality, E Commerce Trust Trustworthiness n.d.). However, it is considered that one of the main issues with regard to trust in E Commerce is associated with the peoples difficulties in expressing specific definition of suc h idea (A Thoughtful Approach to Web Site Quality, E Commerce Trust Trustworthiness n.d.). Some of the public entails stricter fanny in measuring and evaluating their trust in a person or a company (A Thoughtful Approach to Web Site Quality, E Commerce Trust Trustworthiness n.d.).Moreover, the strategy to provide or render a reliable state of trust in the field of E Commerce is considered to be one of the most pervasive issues in the industry that is still in search of possible resolution (Trust Issues in Ecommerce n.d.).This is due to the fact that such handed-down method of face-to-face contact and reputation is far from occuring as compared to that of the actual business transaction of E Commerce (Trust Issues in Ecommerce n.d.). Thus, the new method that is based on the utilization of digital certificates and cryptographic algorithms rendered by Certification Authorities are one of the common issues in E Commerce as it is not enough to solve the issues with regards to trust (Trust Issues in Ecommerce n.d.).ConclusionWith the above facts and information depicted in this essay, it is clearly reasonable to say that trust in E Commerce plays a profound role in the industry. Hence, such notion is indeed significant in the entire process and actual practice of electronic business. As such, trust in Electronic Commerce works as the essential component towards the achievement of business success. In addition to this, such trust is important in rendering rooms for improvement and development in terms of financial aspects, operational, and over-all business performance.Thus, such is significant in the industry of Electronic Commerce as it is considered to be the key factor achieving various positive outcomes and results in the business. Nonetheless, the completion of this essay renders definite information on the primary uses and significance of trust in Electronic Commerce practices and business transactions. Moreover, this depicts the major issues of t rust in E Commerce and incorporated with the accorded reasons on such topics together with the appropriate mechanism or methodology to accordingly address such trust issues.ReferencesA Thoughtful Approach to Web Site Quality, E Commerce Trust Trustworthiness online functional from http//www.philosophe.com/commerce/trust.html August 15, 2008.Building E-commerce Trust Applying Usability Principles online available from http//www.nicolasdeproft.be/pages/ecommercetrust/conclusion.html August 15, 2008.eCommerce and the electronics industry online available from http//www.ferret.com.au/n/eCommerce-and-the-electronics-industry-n686364 August 15, 2008.E Commerce Relationships online available from http//goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-239216/E-commerce-relationships-the-impact.html August 15, 2008.Egger F. (n.d.) Affective inclination of E-Commerce User InterfacesHow to Maximise Perceived Trustworthiness online available from http//www.ecommuse.com/research/publications/CAHD2001.htm August 15, 2008.Electronic Commerce online available from http//www.responsivesystems.com.au/ecommerce/index.html August 15, 2008.Hunter S. (n.d.) E-commerce Risks online available from http//www.marsh.com.au/ECommerceRisks.htm August 15, 2008.Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce online available from http//www.muhlenberg.edu/depts/abe/business/miller/ecrisks.html August 15, 2008.On-line trust concepts, evolving themes, a model. (n.d.) online available from http//www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6WGR-48DXRCC-1_user=10_rdoc=1_fmt=_orig=search_sort=dview=c_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=9893dfb675be4b1cc30748424542452e August 15, 2008Pavlou p. (n.d.). The Transitional Role of Institutional Trust in Online Interorganizational Relationships online available from http//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.3.6276 August 15, 2008Singh, S. (1996). The social impact of electronic money. In G. Rosston D. Waterman (Eds.), Interconnection and the internet (135-154). NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Sutherland, P. Tan, F. (2004). The nature of consumer trust in B2C electronic commerce A multi-dimensional conceptualism. In Information Resource Management Association International Conference, Innovations through information technology 2004 Information Resources Management Association International Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, May 23-26, 2004. UK composition Group Inc.The Importance of Trust and Credibility. (n.d.) online available from http//www.zeald.com/Resources/The+Importance+of+Trust+and+Credibility.html August 15, 2008Trust Issues in E Commerce. (n.d.) online available from http//www.unsw.adfa.edu.au/lpb/research/trust/ August 15, 2008Trust in Electronic Environment. (n.d.) online available from http//rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGki7BHKhIaHYAmwpXNyoA_ylu=X3oDMTBydHRjbmRzBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMwRjb2xvA3NrMQR2dGlkAw/SIG=12fkedrf3/EXP=1219063361/**http%3a//www.hicss.hawaii.edu/HICSS36/HICSSpapers/STFMS01.pdf Augus t 15, 2008

Creating TV Drama Essay Example for Free

Creating TV Drama EssayThe Public Defenders We all know about the lives of top-league lawyers who rake in millions of dollars settling class accomplish suits or representing celebrity clients. We all withal realize, somewhere back in our minds that for every high-priced lawyer whos working to spin celebrity Q-ratings and turn high-profile crimes into high-tax support success, there ar ten public giveers (PDs) sweating out in the innards of some state or federal building, working for peanuts to save the settlings of society from an indifferent and often unjust legal system . The Public Defenders chronicles the toll that long hours and short pay take on the personal lives of four-spot PDs who walk a tightrope of action and suspense while balancing their self-sacrificing professional lives with their all-too-self-absorbed sex lives and driving ambitions. The viewer enters the world of The Public Defenders from the vantage pull down of the common citizen first glimpsing the four PDs in their professional roles. Each episode begins with four short barely conflict-heavy teasers representing the beginnings of four distinct, precisely sometimes interweaving cases.The bulk of individually weeks episode is devoted to the resolution of the four cases, by each of the PDs respectively. In some episodes, a case will be left hanging to be resolved in a later episode or episodes. As in real life, the PDs will often represent the same client or clients on repeated cases and it is likely that many defendants and clients of the PDs will become running fixtures as minor characters throughout the series entirety.Each of the PDs Emmanuel Gonzalez a young Yale tweak who chose to work in the trenches, student Jonathan Smith a closet alcoholic, Sara Kentowitz a compassionate but highly sexual do-gooder, and Joann Bonier an ambitious but flawed attorney, becomes entangled with their clients, often in sexual or romantic entanglements and sometimes, events unfold so rapi dly and chaotically that the PDs themselves may cross the lines of legality. The plot-lines for specific episodes are based on appearingcasing the thin line between subjectivity and objectivity.The scripts will show blatantly that attorneys are anything but neutral when it comes to pushing their cases and working for their clients. Instead they are both emotionally engaged or coldly indifferent form the start of their cases and their professional work shows the degree to which they are personally engaged, invested, and interested in their clients. current plot-lines which thread through all the episodes will help to flesh out the characters and add a linear narrative dimension to the episodic format.Emmanuel is dealing with the surgical operation of a complicated divorce from his wife of 7 years, coupled with a child custody battle while his soon to be ex-wife is dealing with native alcoholism. He is also defending a repeat offender on trial for murdering his brother. Sara deal s with an abusive husband while defending a 16 year-old cosmos charged with rape. Jonathan is scheduled to go before the disciplinary committee for a hearing followed by an altercation in court, and is currently the sole care-giver for is aging parents.His return is sho cajoleg symptoms of the early stages of Alzheimers. His mother suffers with depression. Joann, who is single, struggles to balance her work-load with the needs of her co-workers and her desire to have a personal life. Each of these over-arching plot lines will continue to spin travel and exert influence over the individual episodes which, as previously mentioned, may or may not resolve individual plot-lines.To allow our targeted viewing interview to connect and identify with the characters, The Public Defender will be filmed in courtrooms, jail cells and in the homes of our characters, giving an in-depth real life feel for the struggles that the characters are dealing with. In stark contrast the personal scenes wi ll be filmed in a romantic idealized style which emphasizes hope and humanity. The sub-text of these opthalmic contrasts is that the shows characters draw their inspiration to keep fighting from their real life relationships and not from law-books or high-flying principles.In fact , The PDs are willing to subvert principles and even laws to win cases that have moved them or touched them personally because they have to do so to win. The deck is stacked against them the are over-worked, under-trained, and representing those who are least able to defend themselves. The depth of the real life affects on the characters is intended to attract eductaed audiences of a predominantly mature demographic. The target audience would be compatible with that of Law and redact or West Wing. However, many of the shows minor characters and sub-plots will be devoted to youthful issues and themes which impact younger people, so it hoped that 18-25 year-old college students may also find the show worth y of attention. Crime buffs, CSI fans, and fans of courtroom dramas should also be targeted with advertising and scheduling as much as possible as it is hoped that this demographic will also prove fruitful for The Pubic Defenders. The hook for taking viewers out of the competitions time-slot is The Public Defenders no-holds-barred romanticism coupled with its no-hold-barred realism the PDs love hard, they play to win but they lose just as often and their clients pay the price. Airing this program will allow the network to not only capture the targeted audience but hold them for each and every episode. It will be the talk of the campus, the office and coffee shops everywhere. Those that miss these episodes will be looking to see when the reruns will be airing.

Ap Psychology Review Packet Essay Example for Free

Ap Psychology Review Packet EssayAbsolute Thresholdthe minimum input signal needed to ferret out a sectionicular stimulus 50% of the time. 2. Accommodationthe process by which the midsections lens changes shape to focus skillful or far epitomes on the retina. 3. Acetylcholineneurotransmitter that enables muscle doing, learning and memory board. 4. Achievement Motivationdesire for accomplishment. 5. Achievement Testan exam designed to test what a person has earned. 6. Acoustic Encoding convert of sound, especially words. 7. Acquisitionthe initial branch when unmatchable links a neutral stimulus and an un conditioned stimulus. 8.Action Potentiala neural pulse ordinate a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. 9. Activation Synthesis scheme that REM sleep triggers neural firing that evokes random images, which our sleep fountainhead weaves into stories. 10. Adaptation Level Phenomenon propensity to shape judgements relative to a neutral level defined by o ur previous experience. 11. Adrenal Glandsa pair of ductless gland glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that tending arouse the ashes in times of stress. 12. Algorithma methodical, logical rule that guarantees solving a particular bother. 3. Alpha Wavesthe relatively slow mind-set waves of an awake, relaxed narrate. 14. Amnesialoss of depot. 15. Amphetaminesdrugs that stimulate neural natural process, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. 16. Amygdala dickens lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system linked to emotion. 17. Aphasiaimpairment of language caused by left hemisphere damage to Brocas area, impairing speaking, or Wernickes area, impairing understanding. 18. Applied look forscientific written report that aims to solve practical problems 19.Aptitude Testdesigned to predict a persons future performance. 20. Association force handleareas of the cerebral cerebral cortex that are non involved in uncreated or centripetal(prenominal) functions but in higher noetic functions. 21. Associative Learninglearning that certain circumstances everywherehaul together. 22. machine rifle touch onun certified encoding of incidental information. 23. Autonomic Nervous Systemthe part of the circumferential anxious(p) system that sustains the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. 24. Availability Heuristicestimating the likeliness of events ground on their availability in depot. 5. Axonthe extension of a neuron, ending in parting terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles and glands. 26. B. F. Skinnera leading airist rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior. 27. Babbling Stagebegins at 4 months stage of speech phylogenesis in which infant spontaneously utters various sounds. 28. Barbituatesdrugs that press down the activity of the central scatter championed system,reducing anxietybut impairing shop and jud gement. 29. Basal Metabolic pointbodys stay puting rate of energy expenditure. 30.Basic Researchpure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base 31. Behavior Geneticsthe study of the relative mogul and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. 32. Behavioral Medicineintegrates behavioral and medical knowledge to apply to health and disease. 33. Behaviorismthe view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental process. 34. Belief Perseveranceclinging to ones initial conceptions aft(prenominal) the basis has been discredited. 35. Binocular Cuesdepth cues such as retinal dissimilitude that depend on using both eyeball. 36.Bio-Feedbackelectronically recorduroying, amplifying and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state. 37. Biological Psychologya branch of psychology concerned with the links amidst biology and behavior. 38. Biopsychosocial Approachan integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. 39. Blind Spotthe point at which the optic hardihood leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there. 40. Bottom-Up touch onanalysis that starts with the sensorial receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information. 1. Brocas Areacontrols language expression area of the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere. 42. Cannon-Baird Theoryemotion arousing stimulus triggers physiological response and subjective experience of emotion. 43. Case Studyan observational technique in which one person id studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. 44. Central Nervous Systemthe brain and spinal cord. 45. Cerebellumthe little brain at the rear of the brainstem processes sensory input and coordinates action output and balance. 46.Cerebral Cortexthe intricate fabric of join neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres the bodys ultimate con trol and information-processing center. 47. Change blindnessfailing to notice changes in the environment 48. Charles Darwinargued that natural selection shapes behaviors as swell as bodies. 49. Chunkingorganizing items into familiar, manageable units often occurs automatically. 50. Circadian Rhythmthe biological clock regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle 51. guileless Conditioningone learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate future events. 2. Clinical Psychologya branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats psychological disorders. 53. Cochleaa coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger neural impulses. 54. Cochlear Implantdevice for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded through the cochlea. 55. CognitionMental activities associated with persuasion, knowing, remembering and communicating. 56. Cognitive Mapmental representation of the layou t of ones environment. 57.Cognitive Neurosciencethe interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition. 58. Cognitive Perspectivehow we encode, process, store, and retrieve information. 59. Color Constancyperceiving familiar objects as having consistent color any if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object. 60. complemental Alternative Medicineunproven healthcare treatments intended to supplement conventional medicine. 61. Conditioned Reinforcera stimulus that gains reinforcing power through its association with the primary reinforcer. 62.Conditioned Responsethe learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. 63. Conditioned stimulant drugan originally irrelevant stimulus that, aft(prenominal) association with US, triggers a response. 64. Conduction Hearing tone endinghearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. 65. Conesretinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and function in daylight of well-lit conditions. 66. Confirmation Biasa tendency to search for information that backs ones own beliefs. 67. Consciousnessour awareness of ourselves and our environment. 68.Content grimnessextent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest, 69. Continuous payoffreinforcing a desired response every time it occurs. 70. Control Groupthe grouping that is not exposed to the treatment in an experiment. 71. Copingalleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods. 72. Corpus Callosumaxon fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. 73. Correlationa amount of money of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. 74. Correlation Coefficienta statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) 75. counselor-at-law Psychologya branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well- beingness. 76. Critical Thinkingthinking that does not blindly give arguments and conclusions. 77. Culturethe enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one culture to the next. 78. Delta Wavesthe large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. 79. Dendritethe bushy, branchy extensions of a neuron that receive message and conduct impulses towards the cell body. 0. Dependent Variablethe outcome factor the variable that may change in response to the use of goods and services of the independent variable. 81. Depressantsdrugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. 82. Difference Thresholdthe minimum difference between stimuli required for keepion 50% of the time. 83. inequalitylearned ability to distinguish between CS and stimuli that do not signal a US. 84. Dissociationa split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. 85.Dopamineneurotransmitter that influences moveme nt, learning, attention and emotion. 86. Double-Blind Procedurean observational procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant as to whether the group has received a treatment or a designatebo. 87. Drive-Reduction Theoryphysiological need creates an aroused tension state, a drive, that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. 88. Dual touchthe principle that information is simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks 89. Echoic entrepotmomentary sensory memory of an auditory stimuli. 0. excitement (MDMA)a synthetic stimulant and a mild hallucinogen. Produces Euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurans and to mood and cognition. 91. Edward Titchenerfather of structuralism. 92. Effortful Processingencoding that requires attention and conscious effort. 93. Electroencephalogram (EEG)an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that s weep a print the brains surface. 94. Emotionresponse of the whole organism involving psychological arousal, communicative behavior and conscious experience. 95.Emotion-Focused CopingAttempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs relating to ones stress. 96. Encodingthe processing of information into the memory system by extracting meaning. 97. Endocrine Systemthe bodys slow chemic communication system a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. 98. Endorphinsmorphine within natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to hurt control and to pleasure. 99. Environmentevery non-genetic influence. 100. ESPclaim that perception depose occur apart from sensory input. 101.Estrogenthe primary female bring up hormone. 102. evolutionary Psychologythe study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. 103. Experimenta research method in which an investigator manipulates one of more fa ctors to travel along the effect on some behavior or mental process. 104. Experimental Groupthe group that is exposed to the treatment in an experiment. 105. Explicit depotmemory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare stored in hippocampus. 106. Extinctiondiminishing of CR occurs in classical conditions when US does not follow CS. 07. adscititious Motivationdesire to perform to receive rewards or avoid punishment. 108. Factor Analysisa statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items, called factors, on a test. 109. run al al just about Detectorsnerve cells in the brain that act to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement. 110. Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenatendency to be assistantful when already in a good mood. 111. Figure-Groundorganization of visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings. 112. Fixationinability to see a problem from a sunrise(prenominal) perspective. 113.Fixed-Interval Schedule livelihood schedule that reinforces a response only after a stipulate amount of time has e passd. 114. Fixed-Ratio Schedulereinforcement schedule that reinforces only after specified number of responses. 115. Flashbulb Memorya clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. 116. Flowa completely involved, focused state of consciousness resulting from optimal engagements of ones skills. 117. fMRIa technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity shows brain function. 118. Foveathe central focal point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster. 19. Framingthe modal value an issue is posed. 120. Fraternal Twinstwins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no close together(predicate) than a buddy or sister. 121. Frequencythe number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time. 122. Frequency Theoryin hearing, the theory that the rate of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the freque ncy of a tone, thus enable us to sense its pitch. 123. Freuds Wish-fulfillmenttheory that dreams provide a psychical safety valve for expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings. 124.Frontal Lobes ascribe of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead involved in speaking, muscles movement, making plans and judgement. 125. available Fixednessthe tendency to think of things only in their usual function. 126. Functionalisma school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish. 127. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)a study inhibitory neurotransmitter. 128. Gate-Control Theorytheory that spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass to the brain. 29. Gender Identityour sense of being male or female. 130. Gender Rolea set of expectations for either males or females. 131. Gender typewritethe acquisition of a traditional male or female role. 132. General Adap tation SyndromeSelyes concept of bodys adaptive response to stress alarm, resistance, exhaustion. 133. General Intelligence cosmopolitan intelligence factor, according to Spearman, underlies specific mental abilities and is handbilld by every task on an intelligence test. 134. Generalizationtendency after response has been conditioned for similar stimuli to elicit similar responses. 135.Genomethe complete instructions for making an organism. 136. Gestaultorganized whole tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. 137. Glial Cellscells in the offensive system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. 138. Glutamatea major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory. 139. Groupingperceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups based on proximity, similarity, doggedness and connectedness. 140. Hallucinationsfalse sensory experiences. 141. Hallucinogensdrugs taht distort perception and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. 14 2.Health Psychologysub-field of psychology provides psychologys contribution to behavioral medicine. 143. Heritabilitythe equaliser of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. 144. Heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to bring forth strategies and solve problems quickly. 145. Hierarchy of NeedsMazlows pyramid of human needs begins with physiological needs which must be met before higher finishs can be attained. 146. Higher-Order Conditioningprocedure where conditioned stimulus in one experience is paired with a parvenu, neutral stimulus, creating a new Conditioned Stimulus. 47. Hindsight Biasthe tendency to believe that, after learning the outcome, one would book foreseen it. 148. Hippocampusa neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage. 149. Homeostasistendency to maintain a state of balance. 150. Hormoneschemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine gland glands. 151. Hu ethe dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of the light. 152. Humanistic Psychologyhistorically significant perspective that evince the growth potential of healthy people and the individuals potential for personal growth. 53. Hypothalamusa neural structure lying below the thalamus it directs several(prenominal) maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system, and is linked to emotion and reward. 154. Hypothesisa testable prediction. 155. Iconic Memorya momentary sensory memory of a visual stimuli a photographic memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. 156. Identical Twinstwins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, creating two genetically identical organisms. 157. Illusory correlationthe perception of a relationship where none exists. 158.Implicit Memoryretention independent of conscious recollection stored in cerebellum. 159. Inattentional Blindnessfailing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewh ere 160. Incentivea positive or negative environmental stimulus. 161. Independent Variablethe experimental factor which is directly manipulated. 162. Industrial Organizational Psychologyusing psychological concepts to optimize behavior in work places. 163. Information Processingtheory that dreams help us sort out the days events and consolidate our memories. 164. Infradian Rhythmlong-term cycle greater than a day 65. Inner Earthe inner most part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. 166. Insightsudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem. 167. Insomniarecurring problems in falling or staying asleep. 168. Instincta complex behavior rigidly patterned throughout the species and is unlearned. 169. Intensitythe amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we can grasp as brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude. 170. Interactionthe interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor depends on another(prenomin al). 171.Interneuronsneurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and the motor outputs. 172. Intrinsic Motivationdesire to perform for its own sake. 173. Intuitioneffortless, immediate feeling or thought. 174. Irisa ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. 175. James-Lange Theoryemotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. 176. Kinesthesissystem for sensing the position and movement of individual body movements. 77. potential Contentaccording to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream. 178. Latent Learninglearning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. 179. Law of EffectThorndikes principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences work more likely and behaviors followed by negative consequences become less likely. 180. Lensthe transparent structure behin d the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina. 181. Lesiondestruction of the brain tissue. 182. Levels of Analysisthe differing complementary views for analyzing any iven phenomenon. 183. Limbic Systemneural system located below the cerebral hemispheres associated with emotions and drives. 184. Lingusitic DeterminismWhorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think. 185. Long-Term Memoryrelatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. 186. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)increase in synapse-s firing potential after rapid stimulation the neural basis for learning and memory. 187. LSDa powerful hallucinogenic drug alsdo know as acid. 188. Lymphocytesthe two types of white blood cells that are part of the immune system. 189.Manifest Contentaccording to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream. 190. Meanthe arithmetic average of a distribution. 191. Medianthe middle score in a distribution. 192. Medullathe base of the brainstem controls he artbeat and breathing. 193. Mental Agemeasure of test performance devised by Binet chronological age that typically correlates with a given age. 194. Mental Settendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often one that has been successful. 195. Methamphetaminea strongly addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system and appears to drop base dopamine levels over time. 96. Middle Earthe chamber between the eardrum and the cochlea containing trey tiny bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochleas oval window. 197. Mirror Neuronsfrontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when performing another doing so this may enable imitation or empathy. 198. Misinformation Effectincorporating misleading information into ones memory. 199. Mnemonicsmemory aids. 200. Modethe most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution. 201. castobserving and imitating a specific behavior. 202.Monocular Cuesdepth cue s available to either eye alone. Includes relative height, relative size, interposition, linear perspective, light and shadow, and relative motion. 203. Mood Congruent Memorytendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current mood. 204. Morphemethe smallest unit that carries meaning. 205. Motivationa need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. 206. Motor Cortexan area at the rear if the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. 207. Motor Neuronsneurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. 208.MRIa technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. 209. Mutationa random error in gene replication that leads to a change. 210. Myelin Sheatha story of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons enables vastly greater transmission speed. 211. Narcolepsya sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may l apse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. 212. Natural Selectioninherited trait variations contributing to survival and reproduction pull up stakes be passed on to succeeding generations. 13. Naturalistic Observationobserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation. 214. Nature-Nurture issuecontroversy over contributions of genes vs. experience 215. Near-death Experiencean altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death often similar to drug-induced hallucinations. 216. Negative Reinforcementincreasing behaviors by stopping a negative stimuli. 217. Neo-Freudian Theorytheory that dreams can be used as a coping mechanism to sess with past events. 218.Nervesbundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs. 219. Nervous systemthe bodys speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve ce lls of the peripheral and central nervous systems. 220. Neurogenesisthe formation of new neurons. 221. Neurona nerve cell the basic building block of he nervous system. 222. Neurotransmitterschemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. 223. Night Terrorsa sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified. 24. Norepinephrineneurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal. 225. convention Curvea symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data. 226. Observational Learninglearning by observing others. 227. Occipital Lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head includes areas that receive information from the visual fields 228. One-Word Stagefrom age 1 to 2 when a child speaks in single words. 229. Operant BehaviorBehavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. 230.Operant Chambera chamber / Skinner Box containing a bar that an animal can manipulate to obtain water or food. 231. Operant Conditioningtype of learning in which behavior is strengthened followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher. 232. Operational Definitiona statement of the procedures used to define research variables. 233. Opiatesopium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin they reduce neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. 234. Opponent-Process Theorythe theory that opposing retinal processes (red- cat valium, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. 35. Optic Nervethe nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. 236. Organizational Psychologypart of IO Psychology examines psychological influences o worker satisfaction and productivity. 237. Overconfidencetendency to be more confident than correct. 238. Parallel Processingthe processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously. 239. Parapsychologystudy of paranormal phenomena. 240. Parasympathetic Nervous Systemthe division of the autonomi c nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. 241. Parathyroidshelp regulate the level of calcium in the blood 242.Parietal Lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top/rear of the head receives sensory input for touch and body position. 243. Partial/Intermittent ReinforcementReinforcing a response only part of the time. 244. Perceptionthe process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. 245. Perceptual Adaptationin vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field. 246. Perceptual Setmental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. 247.Peripheral Nervous Systemthe sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. 248. Personnel Psychologyfocuses on recruitment, selection and placement of employees. 249. PET Scana visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. 250. Phonemethe smallest distinctive sound unit. 251. Physical Dependencea physiological need for a drug, marked by dreadful withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued 252. Pitcha tones experienced highness or lowness depends on frequency. 53. Pituitary Glandthe endocrine gland systems most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. 254. Place Theoryin hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated. 255. Placebo Effectexperimental results caused by expectation alone. 256. Plasticitythe brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage of by building new pathways based on experience 257. Polygraphlie detector machine measures responses to emotion. 58. Ponspart of the brainstem that helps coordinate movements. 259. Populationall the cases in a group being studied, from whi ch samples can be drawn. 260. Positive Reinforcementincreasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli. 261. Posthypnotic Suggestiona suggestion, made during a hypnotic session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized. 262. Predictive Validitythe success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict. 263. Primary Reinforceran innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. 264.Primingthe activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception, memory, or response. 265. Pro-Social Behaviorpositive, constructive behavior. 266. Proactive Interferencethe disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. 267. Problem-Focused Copingattempting to alleviate stress by changing the stressor or how we interact with that stressor. 268. Prototypea mental image or best example of a category. 269. Pshchological Dependencea psychological need to use a drug, such as to reliev e negative emotions. 270. abnormal psychologya branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders. 271. Psychoactive Druga chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods. 272. Psychodynamic Perspectivehow behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts 273. Psychologythe study of behavior and mental processes. 274. Psychoneuroeimmunologystudy of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect the immune system. 275. Psychophysicsthe study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. 276.Psychophysiological Illnessmind-body infirmity any stress-related physical illness, including hypertension. 277. Pupilthe adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. 278. Random Assignmentassigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between the two groups. 279. Random Samplea sample that fairly represents a given population. 280. RangeThe difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. 281. Recallmeasure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier. 82. Recognitionmeasure of memory in which the person only identifies items previously learned. 283. Reflexa simple, autonomic response to a sensory stimulus. 284. Rehearsalconscious repetition of information, either for maintenance or encoding. 285. Reinforceran event that strengthens behavior. 286. Relative Deprivationperception that one is worse off relative to those you compare yourself to. 287. Relearninga measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. 288. Reliabilityextent to which a test yields consistent results. 89. REM Reboundthe tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation. 290. REM sleeprapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. 291. Replicationrep eating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic findings extend to other participants and circumstances. 292. Representativeness Heuristicjudging the likeliness of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes. 293. Respondent Behavioroccurs as automatic response to some stimulus. 294.Reticular Formationa nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. 295. Retinathe light-sensitive inner surface of the eye. 296. Retinal Disparitya binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing the images of the retinas from the two eyes. 297. Retrievalprocess of getting information out of storage. 298. Retroactive Interferencethe disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. 299. Reuptakea neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron. 300. Rodsretinal receptors that detect black, white and gray. 301.Savant Syndromecondition in which a person is limited in mental ability but has exceptional specific skill. 302. Scatterplotsa graphed cluster of dots, the slope of which helps predict the direction of the relationship between the two variables. 303. Selective Attentionthe focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimuli 304. Semantic Encodingencoding of meaning. 305. Semanticsset of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences. 306. Sensationthe process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. 07. Sensorineural Hearing Losshearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerves. Also called nerve deafness. 308. receptive Adaptationdiminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. 309. Sensory Cortexarea at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. 310. Sensory Interactionprinciple that one sense may influence another smell of food influences its taste. 311. Sensory Memory immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory. 12. Sensory Neuronsneurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. 313. Serial Position Effectthe tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. 314. Serotoninneurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal. 315. Set Pointthe point where someones weight thermostat. 316. Shapingan operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer to the desired behavior. 317. Short-Term Memoryactivated memory that holds a few items briefly. 318.Sigmund FreudAustrian neurologists who founded psychoanalysis. 319. Signal Detection Theorya theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background noise. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a persons experience, expectations, motivation and level of fatigue. 320. Sleep Apneaa sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. 321. Social Leadershipgroup orientated leadership that builds teamwork and offers support. 322.Social Learning Theorythe theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished. 323. Social-cultural Perspectivehow behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures 324. Somatic Nervous Systemthe division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the bodys skeletal muscles. 325. Source Amnesiaattributing the wrong source to an event we have experienced at the heart of many false memories. 326. Spacing Effecttendency for distributed study or practice to yield better retention that massed study or practice. 327.Split Braina condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them. 328. Spontaneous RecoveryReappearance after a pause of an extinguished CR. 329. Standard Deviationa c omputed measure of how much the scores vary around the mean score. 330. Stanford-Binetwidely used American decree of Binets original intelligence test. 331. Statistical Significancea statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. 332. Stereotype Threatself-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on negative stereotypes. 333.Stimulantsdrugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. 334. Storageretention of encoded information. 335. Stresshow we perceive and respond to stressors that we appraise as threatening or challenging. 336. Structuralisman early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural segments of the human mind. 337. Structured Interviews enquire the same questions of all applicants and rating on the standard scale. 338. Subjective Well-Beingself-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. 339. Subliminalbelow ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness. 340.Surveya techniq ue for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes of behaviors of a group. 341. Sympathetic Nervous Systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. 342. Synapsethe alignment between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. 343. Syntaxrules for combining words into sensible sentences. 344. Task Leadershipgoal oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes leadership and focuses on goals. 345. Telegraphic Speechearly speech stage where child speaks like a telegram uses nouns and verbs. 46. Temporal Lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying above the ears receives auditory information 347. Testosteronethe most important of male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. 348. Thalamusthe brains se nsory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. 349. THCthe major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. 350.Theoryan explanation that organizes behavior and predicts future outcomes. 351. Thresholdthe level of stimulation demand to trigger a neural impulse. 352. Thyroid Glandaffects metabolism, among other things 353. Tolerancethe diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the substance abuser to take larger and larger doses of the drug before experiencing the drugs effects. 354. Top-Down Processinginformation processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. 55. Transductionconversion of one form of energy into another. 356. Two_Word Stagebeginning at age 2 child speaks in 2 word statements. 357. Two-Factor Theorycalled Schachter-Singer Theory to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively la bel the arousal. 358. quality Acompetitive, hard-driving, impatient. 359. Type Beasy-going, relaxed people. 360. Ultradian Rhythmshort-term cycle less than a day 361. Unconditioned Responsethe unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus. 362.Unconditioned Stimulusa stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response. 363. Validityextent to which a test measures what its supposed to measure. 364. Variable-Interval Schedulereinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after random number of responses. 365. Variable-Ratio Schedulereinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. 366. Vestibular Sensesense of body movement and position including balance. 367. Visual Clifflab device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. 368.Visual Encodingencoding of picture images. 369. Watson and Rayner renowned for their Little Albert experiment. 370. Wavelengththe distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. 371. Webers Lawthe principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage. 372. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scalemost widely used intelligence test contains literal and non-verbal sub-tests. 373. Wernickes Areacontrols language reception a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression in left temporal lobe. 74. Wilhelm Wundtknown as father of experimental psychology established the first psychology laboratory. 375. Withdrawalthe discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. 376. Working Memorya newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory. 377. X-Chromosomethe sex chromosome found in both men and women. 378. Y-Chromosomethe sex chromosome found only in men. 379.Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theorythe theory that the retina contains three different color receptors red, green and blue. absolute threshold The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. 2. accommodation The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. 3. accommodations Adapting ones current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. 4. acetylcholine A neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers muscle contraction. 5. acoustic encoding The encoding of sounds, especially the sound of words. . acquisition The initial stage in classical conditioning the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. 7. action potential A neural impulse a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axons membrane. 8. activation synthesis hypothesis Theory to describe dreaming that explains dreaming as being random neural activity hat the brain tries to make sense of. 9. acuity The Sharpness of vision. 10. addictionsdependency to drugs comes about from potentially one use of the substance were the body can build up dependence to the substance. 11. adolescence The mutation period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. 12. adrenal glands A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (nonadrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress. 13. ll or nothing law Increasing the stimulus above the threshold will not increase the action potential intensity. The neurons action is an all or nothing response it either will fire or it will not. The strength of the stimulus does not effect action potentials speed. 14. of import waves The relativel y slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. 15. alzheimers disease A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, lastly physical functioning. 16. amnesia The loss of memory 17. mygdala Two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion. 18. assimilation Interpreting ones new experience in terms of ones existing schemas. 19. association areas Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. 20. associative learning Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). 1. attachment An emotional tie with another person shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing d istress on separation. 22. audition The sense of hearing 23. automatic nervous system The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses its parasympathetic division calms. 24. automatic processing Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. 25. xon The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. 26. barbiturates Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement. 27. basiler membranewithin the cochlea of the inner ear is a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani. 28. behavioral genetics The study of the relative power and limits of g enetic and environmental influences on behavior. 29.Behavioral Psychologya branch of psychology that focuses on how we learn from observable responses. An individuals response to different environment stimuli shapes our behaviors. 30. BehaviorismThe view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree that psychology should be an objective science but do not think that it should be without reference to mental processes. 31. behaviorism The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.For example, intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. 193. opiates Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. 194. opponent-process theory The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, whit e-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green 195. optic nerve The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. 96. parallel processing The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. 197. parallel processing The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscience problem solving. 198.Parasympathetic nervous system The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. 199. parietal lobes The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the he ad and toward the rear includes the sensory cortex. 200. Peripheral nervous system The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. 201. PET A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. 202. Phenotype An organisms physical characteristics is its phenotype.

Effect of Biological and Social Influences on Development

Effect of Biological and Social Influences on DevelopmentGemma L SobahEvaluate the contribution of biologic and social watchs to human psychological functioningIntroductionAs humans, our psychological functioning is vital to our survival and succession. So what do we mean by psychological functioning? Psychological functioning is the way in which our minds work. It includes our thoughts, feelings and emotions. Human beings ar thinkers and feelers. Our worlds evolve around, our thoughts, our feelings, and our hopes and dreams. How we view the world, and how we feel the world views us. We are driven by our emotions, our ethical motive and our understanding of the people and world around us. Every experience in our life has the ability to impact our psychological functions. In this essay we go away be looking at development and sex and gender.Charles Darwin was an evolutionary psychologist. He argued and believed that we have certain deportments that have evolved and adapted becau se of how they benefit our survival and there for increased the chances of handing over them on genetically. Darwin (1859) demonstrated the idea that genetics and evolution looseness an important part in influencing psychological functioning through natural selection. Evolutionary psychological science claims that our brains (which includes the mind) evolved to be able to problem solve, which many of our hunter-gatherer ancestors encountered.A perspective known as the functionalism perspective was an idea that developed explanations for why peoples deportment changed. It was believed that it was for an adaptive cause, and therefore has a function to serve. Darwin argued that these changed came about because they proved to increase chances of survival and were therefore selectively chosen through evolution. So according to Darwin, we do certain things and act certain ways as we grow, not because we have had certain experiences in our lifes that have impacted us and mold the way w e see things, and have a direct effect on the way we act, but because genetically we have evolved and have certain traits and behaviours that will precaution our survival. Therefore, those people displaying behaviours that will have a negative effect on their survival have no developed the necessary traits and skills through natural selection.Although this begin does feast insight into how genetically we have been designed to act a certain way, and be certain people, the downfall to it is to the extent to which it can be applied. It does not explain how evolution has genetically changed us to act certain ways emotionally. It doesnt goes as far to show how a woman who was born a man, can grow to live her life as both genders and it have no negative affect on her mental health. Furtherto a greater extent it does not give insight as to how she became this way and not something else. But social influences could prove to have contributed to her current state of mind and mental health. From an early grow we get by in and absorb the things that happen around us, and studies have demonstrated how the social influences in our life at a young age, can affect our grownup lives.In 1996, Schaffer, (as cited in Wood et al, pg. 9), explained that social influences, such as our peer or sibling relationships, are very influential in our development. He notes that they transcend a lot of time in each others company, and in this time they will observe each others behaviour, and they will share many experiences, and it has been noted that their relationships are very emotionally based. These frames of sibling relationships could have all sorts of influences on our development, both positive and negative. Siblings of a similar age may be more likely to have a friendship, because they will be increased in similar things from their age group, giving them more in common with each other. But this could also mean more chance of rivalry, for who has what toy and they may also figh t for the attention of their parents.The positive side of this kind of relationship are that they could learn things from the other sibling, such as the meaning of sharing, they experience feelings that they may not if they only siblings much older. For example, two boys ages 7, and 9 both seek the attention of their parents, but their parents are too busy wondering where their older sister of 16 is. They can them empathise with peerless another and understand how each other are feelings. They can also be each others company when they want attention. And console aneness another when they are sad. This could bring out a caring side of them, allowing them to fill roles they would not fill if they only had older siblings or was an only child. In later life, as they develop further, they may then carry with them a caring nurturing side that they experiences as a child.The negative side of this kind of social influence are that there could potentially be a lot of rivalry between them. Which one gets the most parent-child attention, which gets the most/best toys? They could grow up feeling unfulfilled and needy.In 1986, Abramovitch, Corter, Pepler, and Stanthorpe, conducted an empirical study on siblings which revealed to them, that their interactions are diverse and multifaceted. (Wood et al, pg. 9, 2007). As we can see from the example above, and as the observational study shown, there are many sides to a sibling relationship but they all have the potential to affect our future. Biologically there are many differences between a brother and sister, i.e. a girl and boy. The obvious one being our genitals, but as we go more in reason we will find that hormonally we are different, and our bodies have different strengths and weaknesses. But can the biological gender difference create cognitive and behavioural differences too? money and Erhardt 1972 (as cited in Hollway et al, pg. 141, 2007,) conducted a study to try and answer this question. They conducted a study where they exposed girls to the drug progestin, to look at the masculinization of the girls after taking the drug, compared to girls who hadnt taken the drug and girls with hyperplasia which affects the level of testosterone. They revealed that the girls with hyperplasia and the ones exposed to progestin, appeared to become more tomboyish which means to play like a boy, prefer boys clothing, and that they played more energetically than the girls with no alteration to their hormone levels.So it appeared that the biological changes to the girls involved in the study, slightly altered their preference to girlish or boyish things. The girls seemed to become more masculine than the unaffected girls. Nevertheless it does pose the question as to the reliability of the results. In this day and age, it is not frowned upon as much for a girl to play with toys that were intended for a boy, and with the changes within the social world, less and less labels are being put on what is for girls an d for boys.The reliability of the test also comes down to what the parents, who gave the cover as to the changes in the girls, see as boyish or girlish. It could have been less of a biological influence on the girls and more of a personal evaluation of boyish or girlish.Therefore, in conclusion, there are many perspectives within psychology that try and explain behaviours and their origins but not one has overall explanatory power over the rest, rather they depend on each other and all connect somehow.Only with some types of psychology which fight down each other (nature-nurture debate), connect with each other or expand on one another (biological and social psychologist), can we recognise and generate capture solutions when problems arise so we maintain a healthy mind and body.There are many different perspectives which go to show how complex human behaviour is. The evolutionary theory does dont include the experiences we have as humans, but it concentrates more on being preorda ined in its methods and ability to provide evidence. The adjunct theory concentrates too much on childhood and parental interaction. In doing so, it loses sight of the role biology and how our genetic makeup could account for certain behaviours.The biological perspective sees humans as a set of instruments and physical structures that are obviously important and significant (e.g. genes). Furthermore, it does not consider our conscious minds and how the overall influence of the social world on our behaviour. Our adult lives tend to be a mix of what we experiences and learn as a child, how our genetic makeup develops in us as we grow and how our conscious mind, interprets and understands the world we live in and forms its own reaction to it. We are not influences by just one thing, but many, continually and progressively.Word count 1,455ReferencesHollway, W., Cooper, T., Johnston, A., and Stevens, J. (2007) The Psychology of Sex and Gender in Cooper, T. and Roth, I. (2007) ambitious Psychological Issues, 2nd ed. Milton Keynes. The Open UniversityWood, D., Littleton, K. and Oates, J. (2007) Life span Development in Cooper, T. and Roth, I. (2007) Challenging Psychological Issues Lifespan development, 2nd ed. Milton Keynes. The Open University

Leadership and Communication Scenario

Leadership and Communication ScenarioErin TracyWhat does leading mean to you? The definition of leaders is just as much an ambiguous idea to you as it is to the researchers that strive to define it. Pinning d admit a single, definitive answer to my question is whole in all but impossible due to the ever-changing aspects of the subject matter itself. To be a leader, you must have someone to lead. This much everyone agrees is true, however, the rest remains opaque. From this alkali knowledge, you can begin to build your own definition having first understood that when dealing with people no one definition will ever dress the bill. According to Dr. winner S. Sohman of Drexel University, leading and police squadwork ar two sides of the same coin (2013) one never truly existing without the other. This is an important concept when considering what effective leadership looks like, the communication styles associated with effective leadership and the real-world application of thes e concepts.What is Effective Leadership?James MacGregor Burns defined leadership as the reciprocal process of mobilizing, by persons with trusted motives and values, various economic, political, and other resouces, in a context of competition and conflict, in order to realize goals independently or mutually held by both leaders and followers (Burns, 1978 ). Samson Girma defines leadership as the approaches addopted by superiors in their every sidereal day interaction with employees. (Girma, 2016) Lastly, Dr. Victor S Sohman addopted the deffinition as followsLeadership comprises influence processes affecting the rendition of events of followers the choice of objectives for the group or organization the organization of work activities to accomplish the objectives the motivation of followers to achieve the objectives the maintenance of cooperative relationships and teamwork and the enlistment of bread and butter and cooperation from people outside the group or organization (Sohmen , 2013).As you can see there is a wide range of oppinions as to the definition of leadership so if one can not even decide how to define it how can you begin to objectively measure it?Communication Styles Associated with Successful LeadersDr. Victor Sohman did this best by, first setting a very inclusive definition and then adapting the Five-Dimensional Leadership Competency Model developed by K.S. Cameron and D.A. Whetten (2011). These five aspects of leadership are 1. Transformational 2. Transactional 3. Organic 4. Contemporary and 5. Ethical (Sohmen, 2013). Transformational leaders office enthusiasm to motavate their employees Transactional leaders use rewards to motivate results Organic leaders emit a esthesis of inclusion to their team to motivate them to acomplish goals Contemporary leaders lead by structure to gently push their constituants in the proper direction, and finially Ethical leaders utalizes their own personal integrity to inspire their people to greatness. Build ing your leadership style off of a model like this has many benefits. As you can tell, all of these atributes are interchangeable. A leader may use any of these or any conspiracy of at any given point throughout the day to effect change within their company. Therefore, being fluent in these is a critical aptitude of a successful leader.Real World ApplicationsThe ability to see these concepts in the real world can be challenging, however, we can all agree that a leader that only communicates when he needs something done, and only tells his team what to do and not why they are doing it will not be effective. While there are a multitude of strategies that a leader could use to correct this lack of communication, there are a few that could prove essential in this situation. The knowledge of generational differences in your employees (and yourself) along with individual strengths and weaknesses are keys to navigating the subversive terrain of leadership. Being able to lead the individu al as well as the group will set you on a path to success. other concept that will allow you to be successful is being able to mutate yourself and the way that you communicate to the person that you are trying to reach. Just formulation the words is not enough, especially if you do not say it in a way that they are going to hear you. Learning how to use refreshed technology, electronic communication, and face to face interactions are all critical in maintaining open communication with followers. The implementation of a Contemporary type of leadership pair with an Ethical addition would likely be a good fit for everybody in this situation. This would allow the leader to maintain some of the structure that they are use to making a more seamless transition of change. The addition of an Ethical form of leadership would serve as a stabilizing factor during change. The upright presence of a confident and true leader will set everybody involved at ease making it easier to change the f arming of the company. If the employees have been in particular upset by the lack of communication the transparent aspects of the Transformational type of leadership would likely help as well.All in all, by considering what effective leadership looks like, the communication styles associated with effective leadership and the real-world application of these concepts, you can begin to get an idea of the success of your leadership style. No matter what style or combination of styles you choose to implement, by having quantifiable standards set, one is better able to reliably asses the effectiveness of ones leadership style to effect change within a company.ReferencesBurns, J. (1978 ). Leadership. pertly York Harper Row.Flauto, F. J. (1999). Walking the Talk The Relationship Between Leadership and COmmunication Competence. The Journal of Leadership Studies, 86-97.Girma, S. (2016). The relationship between leadership style, job satisfaction and culture of the organization. Internation al Journal of Applied Research, 35-45.Sohmen, D. V. (2013). Leadership and Teamwork Two Sides of the Same Coin. Journal of IT and Economic Development, 1-18.Whetten, D. A. Cameron, K.S. (2011). Developing Management skills. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice star sign /Pearson.

Tragic Heros In Shakespeare

Tragic Heros In ShakespeareMacbeth serves as an example of a tragic hero in Shakespeare s Macbeth. His tragic decision stems from the influence of a tragic flaw. Once he has made the decision, it is irreversible, and produces his downfall. In an attempt to save himself, the tragic hero tries to come up his decision, solely ultimately fails. The tragic hero must be neither villain nor a virtuous man but a grammatical case amongst these two extremes. A man who non eminently good and just, yet whose misfortune is brought about not by vice or depravity but by some error or human frailty.1st ParagraphTopic sentence At the very beginning of the play, Macbeth and Banquo are returning to Scotland.won the war for Duncan.Shows a noble virtue of Macbeth, a requirement of a tragic heroThree witches appear and make prophecies about Macbeth and Banquo.All hail, Macbeth announce to thee, thane of Glamis All hail, Macbeth hail to thee, thane of Cawdor All hail Macbeth that shalt be king hereaf ter (I,ii,48).Ross enters tells Macbeth is thane of Cawdor now.Macbeth is surprised. Prophecies coming true.Duncans sons, would be the rightful heirs to the throne. Nowhere near the next in declension to the throneClosing sentence Macbeths tragic flaw is that of ambition Macbeths ambition will cause him to decline.2nd ParagraphTopic Sentence At this point, dame Macbeth knows all about the witches prophecies.Lady Macbeth wants to be Queen of Scotland, encourages Macbeth to get rid of Duncan.After killing Duncan, Macbeth feels sorry for himself.His ambition has caused him to kill a good fighter and even worse, the KingMacbeth brings dagger back. Lady Macbeth gets angry but Macbeth saysIll go no more I am afraid to think what I use up done Lookon t again I dare not. (II,ii,51).Lady Macbeth controls and tell hima little water clears us of this deed. (II,ii,67)Macbeth becomes cheerful with what he has doneespecially after Malcolm and Macduff leaves Scotland.The third presage has co me true Macbeth is King of ScotlandMacbeth wants Banquo and his son dead because of thewitches prophecy that Banquos sons will become Kings. He hires threemurderers to kill Banquo and his son Fleance. Fleance escapes. Macbeth is outraged when he hears this. He saysThen comes my fit again I had else been perfect, Whole as the marble, founded as the rock, As resistant and general as the casing air. nevertheless now I am cabined, cribbed, confined, bound in To saucy doubts and fears. But Banquos safe? (III,ii,21).Macbeth sees the ghost of Banquo at the banquet. Macbeth saysWhich of you present done this? and Thou canst not say I did it neer shake thy gory locks at me. (III,iv,48).Lady Macbeth senses that something is definitely wrong and she asks everyone to leave immediately.Macbeth is shown as a hubris character.Closing Sentence He was not afraid of the consequences of his actions although he knew very well what they would be. This is another tragic flaw.3rd ParagraphTopic Senten ce Macbeth is broken and goes to meet the witches.First apparition Macbeth Macbeth Macbeth Beware Macduff Beware the thane of Fife.Second apparition The power of man, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth.Third apparition Macbeth shall never vanquishd be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill. Shall come against him.Macbeth is scarred and saysSeize upon Fife give to the edge o the sword. His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls.(IV,I,151)He is scared by the apparitions prophecies and wants to kill anyone who comes in his way.Macbeth thinks he has it made that nothing can take his crown away from him now.Birnam woods climb the hill in form of the Malcolm army.(Third prophecy comes true)Macbeth is shown once again at the end of the play when Macduff challenges Macbeth to a fight.Macbeth says he will not fight, so Macduff saysThen yield thee, coward (V, viii, 23).Macbeth answersI will not yield (V, viii, 28).Macbeth finally realizes what he has done and how the witch es prophecies and apparitions have all come true. Fights back but is killed by Macduff. (Second and First prophecy comes true)Closing Sentence But he did not just give up like a coward. He fought like the great warrior he once was.ConclusionIn conclusion, Macbeth was a noble, honest, authentic man. However, Macbeth, tragically followed the Witches philosophy in life, fair is foul and foul is fair. The constant fricative sound in this alliteration infers the bitter outlook the Witches have towards life and henceforth creates the appearance that unless Macbeth changes, he will be damned to this embittered panorama, therefore he decides to change, following the witches prophecy that thou shalt be king hereafter . He decrees that he shall follow this prophecy and do anything to become the king. the prophecies given to him by the witches, Lady Macbeths influence and plan, and his intensified ambition, all contributed greatly to his degeneration of character which resulted to his downfall death. Therefore Macbeth character displays strong signs of a tragic hero, making him the ideal classic example.-Palash jain1(A)

Essay --

Emotional memory is ace of the methods used in Stanislavskis system. This method is where the actor draws on one of their own personal memories that relates to the situation their character is in. Emotional memory helps the actor to really become the character and portray the emotions the character would be feeling at the time. For example, if your character is grieving you would think of a time when you have grieved and remember how you felt and how you reacted to certain situations at this time. I have used this method during my statement process on several occasions and it works well for me. I feel this method assists to make my performance real and believable. Emotional memory is a big part of method acting, although this method was devised by Stanislavski, Lee Strasberg said, Method acting is what all actors have always done whenever they acted well. (www.methodactingstrasberg.com,11/13). When emotional memory is bodied into the rehearsal process, the actor really starts to f eel the same way that the character would in the given situation. An example of this from Stanislavskis book An Actor Prepares is when an actor is point through an emotional memory exercise by the director. Imagine our amazement when both Tortsov and Rokhmanov told us that, whereas our playing of this exercise used to be indirect, insincere, fresh and uncoiled today it was false, insincere and affective. We were diswhitethorned at such unexpected criticism. We insisted that we really felt what we were doing. Of course you were feeling something, said the director. If you were not you would be dead. The point is what were you beholding? Let us try to disentangle things and to compare your former with your present exercise. (Stanislavski, 1936 163-... ...t ways. Once this part of the rehearsal process is complete the actor will go which emotions and feelings work best in the scene and will begin to incorporate emotional memory and the inner monologue. In conclusion to this es sw ear we can say that Stanislavskis system in the training of the actor and the rehearsal process is effective. The system helps actors to break down their characters gradually and really know the role. Some may even the say that the system helps them to almost become the character. The system has played a significant part in theatre training for many years. It has been used, able and interpreted by several practitioners, actors and tutors. For many years to come Stanislavskis system will still be used in theatre training. not only is it an effective system it is the past, present and future of theatre training and the rehearsal process.